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DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 

OF 

UTAH 



WIDTSOE 
PETERSON 




Rand M^NaUy & Ca 




Class _i^^li^ 

Copight ]^° 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



By 

JOHN A. WIDTSOE 

President of llie Agricultural ('allege of Utah 
and 

WILLIAM PETERSON 

Professor of Geology, the Agricultural College of Utah 

Part I 

UTAH AS A WHOLE 

Part II 

THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 

Part III 

STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS 




CIIKAGO NEW YORK LONDON 

RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY 






©obgt's (grog;rapi)icaI Merits 

By RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE 
Professor of Geography^ Teachers College^ Columbia University^ New York City 



Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography 

DODGE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY . $ .65 

Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- 
ing from consequences to causes. 

PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all jiarts 
of his country, showing the interdependence of people commercially 
and industrially. 

^.4^7- //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the 
world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- 
mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the 
lives and occupations of the people 

DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY Si. 20 

Special Method: Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reason- 
ing irom causes to consequences. 

PART /—THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY 

Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- 
cal environment. 

PART //—COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 
CONTINENTS 

Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political 
divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- 
for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various 
countries. 



Dodge's Geography by Grades 

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RELATIONS - $ .35 

PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all 
parts of his country, showing tlie interdependence of people com- 
mercially and industrially. 

PART //—WORLD RELATIONS 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the 
world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations commer- 
cially and industrially 

Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- 
RAPHY $ .50 

Special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people. 

Special Method Books O'w and Two: Causal Relations treated 
by induction. Reasoning from consequences to causes. 

Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND 
NORTH AMERICA $ .75 

Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- 
cal environment- 
Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 
CONTINENTS $ .70 

Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political 
divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons therefor, 
and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. 

Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relations treated 
by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequences. 



GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES 

T. PAUL GOODE. Assistant Professor of Geography, the University of Chicago, and 

ELLEN C- 5EMPLE, author of "American History and Its Geographic Conditions," Louisville, Ky. 

SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. AND II. BY GRADES 

AMY SCHi'SSLER. Principal of Speyer School. Teachers College, New York, and 
ANNA F. STONE. Principal of Grammar School No. lo. Binghamton, N. Y, 

SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES 

ELIZABETH SMITH. Department of Geographv. the Chicago Mormal School, and 

CAROLINE W. HOTCHKISS. Seventh Grade, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, New York. 

Copyright, iqo8 
By Rand, McXally & Co. 



f 



LIBRRRV of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

DEC 26 1903 

OLA88 '^ ^ No. 



©ire laanb-^cllaUxj S>trc»» 



Chicago 



THE INTRODUCTION 

HOME Geography is usually the first work to be taken up in any study of geography 
because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which 
they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar 
from personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives 
them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. 
Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know 
it better than we need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during 
the school course it is most valuable to make a careful ■ study of the state or group of states in 
which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we 
can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. 

In a text-book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the 
whole country of which our liome region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world 
as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own 
home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that 
distinguish the country as a whole. 

In a special text -book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about 
our own region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, its 
products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great 
interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have 
studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only 
valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable 
also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes 
whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which 
needs to be answered at once. 

In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources 
which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large 
features which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons 
the student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. 
In this state, as in other regions, topography and climate pointed out the path of development 
that communities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the 
pages that follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the 
life of the state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and 
then the study of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain 
the reasons 'for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our 
own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. 

Certain facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution 
of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our 
knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate 
the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- 
politic which we call the state. 

That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly 
be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully 
prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. 

RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



THE TABLE OF CONTENTS 



1 Iw hitrod'tction 



PAGE 

3 



PART I. UTAH AS A WHOLE 



PAGE 

Size and Location 7 

Surface ... 7 

Geology 12 

Soils 13 

Drainage 13 

Great Salt Lake 15 

Climate 16 

Plants and Animals 17 

History iS 

Industrial Growth 19 

Irrigation 19 



PAGE 

Agriculture 20 

Horticulture 22 

Live Stock 22 

Minerals and Mining 24 

Manufactures .... 27 

Transportation and Trade 28 

Government 29 

State Institutions 30 

Education 30 

Population 32 



PART //. THE (GROWTH AXD DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AXD TOWXS 



Distribution of Cities and Towns 

Salt Lake City and Neighboring Cities and Towns. 

Ogden and Other Cities and Towns of the Lake 

Shore Region 



.10 

33 



Cities and Towns of the Cache Valley Region 
Provo and the Neighboring Cities and Towns 
Other Cities and Towns of Utah .... 



PAGE 

36 

37 



PART III. STATISTICS AXD AIDS TO TEACHERS 



PAGE 

Statistics of the State of Utah l.)y Counties, Fed- 
eral Census, 1900, State Estiinates, 1900 ... 39 

Population of Leading Cities and Towns, at Each 
Federal Census, i860 to igoo. State Estimates, 
1908 39 

Population of Utah at Each Federal Census, 1850 
to 1900 39 

State or Country of Birth of Population of Utah, 
1900 39 

Total Production of Principal Minerals from Janu- 
ary, 1880, to December 31, 1905 40 

Coal Mined in Principal Coal-bearing Counties, 
State Bureau of Statistics 40 

Value of Live Stock in Utah, Federal Census, 1900, 
State Bvireau of Statistics, 1907 (Estimated). . 40 

Some Farm Statistics of Utah, State Census, 1905. 40 



PAGE 

Value of Agricultural Prodvicts, Federal Census, 
1900, State Bureau of Statistics, 1907 ... 40 

Forest Reserves 40 

Elevations of the Principal Places in Utah ... 40 
Irrigation in 1902, Go\ernment Report . . . .41 
Leading Manufacturing Cities, Facts Concerning 
their Industries, Federal Census, 1900, Census 

Bulletin 37, 1905 41 

Some of the Leading Indtistries, Value of Products, 

Federal Census, 1900, Census Bulletin 37, 1905 . 41 
The Principal Items of Utah's Wealth, United 
States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904, and 
Estimates of Local Bureau, 1906-1907 ... 41 

Suggestive Questions 42 

Suggestions for Collateral Reading 43 

Index 44 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 



PAr.E 

A Political Map of Utah S-g 

A Relief Maj) of Utah lo 

The Original Area and Reduction of Utah . . . lo 

A Physical Map of Utah 1 1 

The Mean Annual Rainfall of Utah i6 

The Average Annual Rainfall at Salt Lake City 

and St. George i6 

The Average Monthly Rainfall at Salt Lake City 

and St. George 17 

The Mean Temperature of Utah in January and 

J"ly 17 

The Location of Forest, Indian, and Military Re- 
servations, 1908 18 

The Earliest Explorations in Utah 19 

The Yield of Hay per Square Mile, 1905 . . .21 
Proportions of Persons Engaged in Each Class of 

Occupation, Census of 1900 21 

The Production of Wheat per Sqtiare Mile, State 

Report of 1905 21 



The Production of Sugar Beets per Square Mile, 

State Report of 1905 23 

The -Mumher of Sheep per Square Mile, 1905 . . 24 
The Distribution of the Leading Minerals of Utah. 25 
The Value of the Principal Minerals in Millions of 

Dollars for Periods of Five Years in Utah . . 26 
The Growth of Manufacturing Industries Shown 

by the Value of Products in Millions of Dollars . 27 
The Leading Educational Institutions of Utah. . ,51 
The Population in Tens of Thousands and Density 
of Population per Square Mile at Each Federal 

Census 32 

The State of Birth of the Nati\'e-bom Population 
and the Percentage of Persons from Each Speci- 
fied State Living in Utah, Census of 1900 . . 32 
The Proportion of Foreign-bom Population of Each 

Leading Country, Census of 1900 32 

The Distribution of Urban Population in Utah . ^j 

A Map of Salt Lake City 34 

A Map of the City of Ogden 36 



A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS 



A \'iew of Great Salt Lake 7 

A View of the Great Natural Bridge in San Juan 

County II 

Timpanogos Peak, Wasatch Mountains . . . . 11 

Glaciated Area in the Uintas 12 

The Great Organ Rock, Southwest of Bluff 12 

Conglomerate near Echo 12 

Rim of the Buckskin Mountains 13 

Bridal Veil Falls, Provo Canyon 13 

Grand River and La Sal Moiuitains . . . . 13 
A View of Weber Ri\-er near Peterson, Morgan 

County 14 

A Scene on Green Ri\-er 14 

Lake Lucie a Glacial Lake in Logan County . . 14 
The Pavilion at Saltair, Great Salt Lake ..15 

On the Shore of Utah Lake 15 

Bear River Canyon 20 

A Peach Orchard in Emery County 20 

A Field of Sugar Beets, Lehi 20 

A View of the Arid Farming District at Nephi. . 22 

A Lucern Field in an Arid District 22 

Thinning Beets on a Utah Valley Farm. . . . 22 

A Fruit Orchard in Davis County 23 

A Flock of Sheep on the Range 24 

Cattle Grazing in the Utah Valley 24 

Coal Mines and Coke Ovens, Castlegate . . . 25 

Head House, Galena Mine, Bingham Canyon . . 25 



PACE 

Scene at a Copper Mine in Bingham Canyon . . 26 

A Portland Cement Factory in Weber Canyon. . 26 

A Sampling Mine in Bingham Canyon .... 26 

A Smelter at Bingham Junction 27 

Salt Piles, Great Salt Lake 27 

Woolen Mills at Provo 28 

A Sugar-beet Crusher, Provo 28 

The Railroad Cut-off Across Great Salt Lake . . 28 
View of a Railroad on its Way Through Weber 

Canyon 29 

The Federal Building, Salt Lake City .... 29 

View of the Agricultural College, Logan. ... 30 

The State University, Salt Lake City .... 30 
The Latter-Day Saints University at Salt Lake 

City 32 

The City and County Building, Salt Lake City . 35 

The Temple and Tabernacle, Salt Lake City . 35 
A General View of the Silver King Works at 

Park City 35 

Washington Avenue, Ogdon 36 

Scene in the Lake Shore Region, near Willard. . 37 

Looking Down into Logan. 37 

A Street Scene in Provo 37 

Beet Sugar Factory at Lehi 38 

A View of Eureka 38 

Castlegate, the Majestic Gateway to Price River 

Canyon 38 




\EAR PROVO. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OE UTAH 



By John- A. Widtsor, President, and William Petrrson, Professor oj Geology, the Agricultural College of Utah. 



I. UTAH AS A WHOLE 

Size and Location. The state of Utah, 
lying in tlie heart of the plateau section, has 
an area larger than that of New York and 
Maine, and very nearly as great as that of 
Pennsylvania and Virginia combined. The 
original area when Utah was set apart as a 
territory, September 9, 1850, was much larger. 
(Fig. 4.) It was "bounded on the west by 
the state of California ; on the north by the 
territory of Oregon ; on the east by the sum- 
mit of the Rocky Mountains; and on the 
south by the 37th parallel of north latitude." 

Since that time large parts of the original 
territory have been included in the present 
states of Xevada, Wyoming, and Colorado. 
The southern boundary, however, except in 
length, has remained unchanged. The pres- 
ent boundaries of the state are all meridians 
and parallels. It stretches from 37 degrees 
to 41 degrees north latitude, and from 109 



degrees 4 minutes to 114 degrees 4 minutes 
west longitude. (Fig. 2.) The area thus 
defined comprises 84,970 square miles, of 
which 2,780 square miles are water surface. 
This area is divided into twenty-seven coun- 
ties. (Part III, p. 39.) Of these San Juan 
County is larger than Massachusetts, and 
Boxelder County is nearly as large as New 
Jersey. 

Owing to its position to the west of the 
best passes across the Rocky Mountains, 
Utah has shared in the railway commerce 
between the Central Western and the Pacific 
Coast states. Its larger cities have grown 
up near these passes because of their favor- 
able location as railway centers. 

Surface. The surface of the state is 
extremely varied and is naturally though 
roughly divided into two sections by tlie 
Wasatch Mountains. (Fig. 3.) These enter 
Utah in Cache County on the northern bor- 
der, extending southward to about the middle 




Fig. I. A view 0/ Great Salt Lake. Here may be seen Black Rock, one of the most historic landmarks of the state. 

[7] 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 











s^2r^ 













i4a2 wa/> ci/ ( 'tall 

I 



lO 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 




of the state. Beyond 
that point, losing their 
identity as ranges, 
they continue south- 
westward almost to 
the border of the state 
in a series of high but 
gradually descending 
plateaus. To the east 
of these ranges lies the 
plateau region, and to 
the west the Great 
Basin with its interior 
drainage. (Fig. 3.) 

The plateau ranges 
from 6,000 to 8,000 
feet in height, above 
which rise groups like 
the Henry, Abajo, and 
La Sal mountains, 
11,000 to 13,000 feet 
high. Into this great 
plateau on the south 
the Colorado has cut 

its world-famous canyon. This is an enor- 
mous gorge cut by the river from the plateau 
surface far down into the nearly horizontal 
rocks. Below may be seen the isolated peaks 
left between the small side streams that are 
actively engaged in cutting back into the pla- 
teau. From the river level, several thousand 
feet below, these 
peaks rise like 
veritable moun- 
tains, higher and 
fully as grand as 
any to be found 
among the Appa- 
lachians. In some 
places the streams 
have tunneled a 
way beneath the 
horizontal strata 
at the top of the 

plateau, thereby Fig. 4. The original area and reductions of the territory of Utah. 



Fig. 3. .4 relief map of Utah 



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W( Y M 1 N G 



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Deduction 


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to 

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Red'n 
WGS 


Nfedi/ct.on V 
/ 1863 N^ 


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Neva, 

\ 'S6J 

a \. 




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A H 

/ 

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R e d 11 ct i nX 
COLORAVDO 

I 86 1 ^^ 

j N. M E X. 




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forming great natural 
bridges. (Fig. 5.) 

The Great Basin 
west of the Wasatch 
ilountains is really a 
region of many basins 
or broad valleys divid- 
ed by narrow moun- 
tain ranges. Some of 
these basins are isola- 
lated; others are con- 
nected or separated 
by the short moun- 
tain ranges. These 
ranges rise above the 
plain from only a 
few hundred to about 
three thousand feet. 
They are known as 
the Basin Ranges, and 
are block mountains. 
We call them block 
mountains, because 
they are blocks of 
strata which have been broken and slightly 
tilted, and not folds of strata like the Uinta 
Mountains to the northeast. Generally the 
higher portion of each block is on the west, 
so that the block faces the west in a steep 
front and east slopes gently down to the floor 
of the plain. The steep side represents the 

line along which 
the rocks have 
been broken, or 
faulted, and later 
tilted. The edges 
of the blocks are 
not regular, as 
might be expect- 
ed from the proc- 
ess of formation, 
but irregular be- 
cause running 
water has cut val- 
leys back into the 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



II 




During the development of the Wasatch 
escarpment a small block was cut from the 
Wasatch group, and, as a result of this, 
the mountain front has two escarpments 
from Ogden northward to the state line. 
Between the two escarpments lies the beau- 



Fio. 5. A view of the great natural bridge in San J nan 

County. The width of the great span is ninety-four 

feet, the highest elevation from top to bottom 

one hundred eight feet, white the roadway 

at tlie top is thirty feet wide. 

blocks, and carved them into numerous peaks 
and ridges similar to those of other mountains. 
The western front of the Wasatch Moun- 
tains is formed by a great uplift similar in 
character to that which has caused the 
general outline of the block mountains. The 
displacement, which 
began ages ago, and is 
still in progress, has 
slowly raised the great 
escarpment (Adv. 
Geog., p. 34) to the 
west until it has 
amounted to many 
hundreds of feet. Some 
of this uplift has been 
removed by the rivers, 
and as a result of this 
erosion peaks like Tim- 
panogos (12,300 feet) 
(Fig. 7) have been 
left. That portion 
known as the Wasatch 
Plateau (Fig. 3) has an 
elevation ranging from 
8,000 to 11,000 feet. 
Aquarius Plateau, far- 
ther south, has about 
the same elevation. 





Fig. 7. Timpanogi'S Pcok. ]]'asatrh Mountains. These 
mountains abound in grand and rugged scenery. 

tiful mountain-rimmed Cache Valley, thirty 
miles long and ver^' nearly ten miles wide. 
The Uinta Mountains are a broad, dome- 
like uplift 100 miles 
long and cut ofif to the 
north by a fault. In 
the center of this great 
arched rock the strata 
are horizontal. Owing 
to its height, rivers 
have been able to cut 
deep into this area and 
have formed many pic- 
turesque canyons and 
\'alleys. The highest 
altitudes in the state 
are found in the 
Uintas. (Fig. 6.) Gil- 
bert Peak with an ele- 
vation of 13,687 feet 
reaches the greatest 
height, but it only 
slightly exceeds Em- 
mons Peak (13,624 
feet), Wilson Peak 
13,300 feet), Mount 



physical map of Utah. 



12 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTx\H 




Fig. 8. Glaciated area in the Uintas at the head of Weber 

Canyon, lee passed over this section so recently that 

the rock has not yet had time to weather into soil. 

Lovenia (13,250 feet), and 
Tokewanna Peak (13,200 feet). 

This whole region is so high 
that once, like many of the 
peaks of the Wasatch, it was 
covered by glaciers which 
crept far down the valleys. 
The evidence of the glaciers is 
seen in the boulder-covered 
moraine ridges, and in the 
hundreds of glacial lakes (Fig. 
16) which add much to the 
beauty of a region renowned 
for the grandeur of its scenery. 

Geology. The rocks which 
outcrop within the state, and 
from which through erosion 
the soils have been derived, vary greatly in 
character. (Figs. 8, 9, and 11.) In the heart 
of the Uintas and in the Wasatch Mountains 
extremely ancient crystalline rocks are found. 
The larger portion, however, of the rocks of 
these mountain masses is of much more recent 
date. The history of the development of the 
country from the early times to the present 
is long and complicated. Only a few of the 
more important chapters of that wonderful 
history can be given here. The great earth 
movements which have caused the uplifts 
which have already been described are recent 
events, obviously later in date than the 




CourtesT of H. I,. .\. Culmer. 

Fig. 0- The tireat organ rock sonlli'ifest 
of Bluff. This rock 4Q0 feet high and 
J50 feet wide at the base is a remark- 
able example of rock sculpture. 



rock- 



formation of the stratified rocks which have 
been uplifted so many thousands of feet. 

Long, long ago the area of the present state 
of Utah lay beneath a shallow sea which 
covered a large portion of the western United 
States. Into this great body of water the 
rivers carried detritus from the lands round 
about it, and from this river-borne material 
the strata now seen in the plateaus were 
formed. During the earlier period of uplift, 
where the Uinta and Wasatch mountains now 
stand, great lakes were formed. These lakes 
were partly filled by the work of the rivers, 
and were thus changed into swamps in which 
vegetation abounded. The 
remains of this vegetation is 
now seen in the coal deposits 
of the state. (Fig. 39.) 

At a later period, elevation 
began anew and is still in 
progress. As the region slowly 
rose the rivers kept on cutting 
back into the rock masses, and 
thus were formed the great 
\-alleys later occupied by gla- 
ciers. Since the period of 
glaciation comparatively little 
erosion has been accomplished. 
(Fig. 8.) Yet the rivers are 
constantly and actively at 
work cutting deeply into the 
masses, and carrying away and 




Fig. 10. Conglomerate near Echo. This rock lueathers so 
rapidly that little vegetation grows on its slopes. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



13 



distributing the detritus furnished by the 
weathering and decay of the rocks. (Fig. 10.) 
Soils. The soils of Utah are chiefly alluvial. 
In the river valleys and on the plain of the 
Great Basin wherever water is available the 
coarse or fine detritus which has been brought 





Fig. II. Rim of Buckskin AJountain, the roughest coun- 
try in the world. The great irregularity of the uplift 
is the result of cutting and not of elevation. 

down by the rivers is devoted to agriculture. 
The soils formed directly by decay of the 
underlying rocks are found 
chiefly at high levels and are 
not used in agriculture. 

Drainage, ^^'ith the excep- 
tion of the northwestern por- 
tion of the state where the 
waters all flow northward to 
the Snake River, the rivers 
of Utah, like the surface, are 
divided into two groups. The 
plateau section of the state is 
drained by the Colorado and 
its tributaries. The Great 
Basin is a region of interior 
drainage; that is, its streams 
do not flow to either ocean, 
but the waters collect in the 
valleys and then sink into 
the ground or are evaporated. 
The Green River (Fig. 15) 
drains the northern portion of 
the plateau by means of its 




ir,. 12. Hridal VeU Falls, I'rovo 

Canyon, in a region of great scenic 

beauty which annually attracts 

many visitors. 



Fir,, i.^. Grand Ri:vr and La Sal Mountains. This iso- 
lated mountain group rising out of a desert plateau 
is of volcanic origin, with summits ranging be- 
tween J 1 ,800 and I ^,000 feet in altitude. 

tributaries, Henrys Fork, Duchesne, White, 
Price, and San Rafael rivers. The Grand 
River (Fig. 13), which drains the west cen- 
tral portion of Colorado, flows into the Green 
and with it forms the Colorado. The Colo- 
rado, in the southeastern portion of the state, 
receives several tributaries from the west and 
one large tributary, the San Juan, from the 
east. Fremont or T>\rty Devil 
River, Escalante River, Paria 
River, and Virgin River drain 
the high plateau of southern 
Utah, and the San Juan drains 
parts of New Mexico and 
Colorado. In certain places 
these streams have cut deep 
picturesque valleys, and akjng 
their courses are found the 
richest rdluvial soils of the 
plateau section. 

The drainage of the Great 
Basin is interesting not only 
because the Basin is the great- 
est area of interior drainage 
in the United States, but 
because its present drainage 
differs so greatly from that of 
the remote past. The larger 
part of the Great Basin lying 
within the bounds of Utah 



14 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 





Fig. 



.4 scene on Green I 



Fig. 14. -4 vicil' of Weber River near Peterson, Morgan 

County. In the distance may be seen 

Cottonwood Mountain. 

was once occupied by a great fresh-water 
lake that drained north to the Snake River. 
This lake covered an area of 19,760 square 
miles and in 
places was 
more than a 
thousand feet 
deep. It had 
a length of 346 
miles ; its great- 
est width was 
145 miles; and 
its shore line 

approximately 2,550 miles. Winds beat the 
lake and formed great waves that dashed the 
waters against the shore. The action of waves 
and eddying currents along the shore line 
resulted in such peculiar beach forms and 
deposits as are now to be seen in process of 
development along the shore of any great lake 
or of the ocean. As the water dried away, 
these water-made forms were exposed to view. 
To-day these old shore lines plainly recorded 
high up on the mountain sides are, next to 
the mountains themselves, the most conspic- 
uous features of the Basin area. At Provo 
and at Salt Lake City the old shore line is 
especially conspicuous and may be seen run- 
ning along the sides of the hills as clearly now 
as when first revealed. Above the horizontal 



terraces may be seen the gullies and ridges 
due to the work of nmning water, while 
below the shore line all the land features 
are more or less horizontal. 

This great lake, long since dried up, is 
known as Bonneville in honor of Captain 
Bonneville, who first ^'isited this region in 
1 83 1, and who gave to the world the first 
account of this wonderfully interesting region. 
During the existence of Lake Bonneville 
the climate was more humid or moist than 
it now is and abundant streams flowed down 
the mountain sides. The higher mountains 
were covered by glaciers, and a valley glacier 
extended down from the Wasatch Range in 
Little Cottonwood Canyon to the shores of 
the lake itself. 

The rock waste or fine detritus washed into 

the lake settled 
to the bottom 
or floor of the 
lake and, as the 
waters dried 
away, a flat 
plain covered 
by rich allu- 
vial soil was re- 
vealed. To the 



rins .■iirciun affords an mcxhaiislihli 
supply of water for irrigation. 

west the soil of the plain is so full of salts that 
it is barren and has been called the "Great 




Fig. 16. Lake Lucie, a glacial lake in Logan Canyon. 

As a result of the blocking of ancient valleys with 

glacial drift, Utah abounds in beautifid lakes. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



15 



American Desert." In 
the east, where water 
is available for culti- 
vation, this plain is a 
region unsurpassed in 
fertility. To-day in 
the lowest portions of 
the old lake floor are 
found the three lakes, 
Great Salt, Utah, and 
Sevier. Salts derived 
from the rocks of the 
land w^ere dissolved in 
the great mass of water 
in Lake Bonneville. As evaporation reduced 
the old lake to the present smaller lakes, these 
salts have been left behind. Then as the 
waters decreased in amount they grew more 
and more salty. Hence the waters of the 
lowest of the present lakes, Sevier and Great 
Salt, are extremely salt. 

While these lakes receive several small trib- 
utaries from the higher, moister regions 
about them, only a small number of the 
streams formed in the block mountains reach 
these bodies of water. The larger number 
of streams waste away or their waters are 
absorbed in the soils at the foot of the moun- 
tains, hence they disappear as streams. 

Sevier River flows down from the central 
plateau section and, after cutting its way 
through the 
western ridge 
of the Wasatch 
M o un ta i ns, 
flows into Se- 
vier Lake. The 
Provo River, 
the Weber 
River (Fig. 14), 
and the Bear 
River (Fig. 25) 
all rise in the 
western end of 
the Uintas and 




IG. I 7. The pai'ilion at Saltair, Great Siilt LliLl\ The 
lake is widely known as a pleasure and health resort, 
and chief among the beautiful and attractive 
places along its shores is Saltair. 




Fig. 18. On the shore of Utah Lake. It lies in one of the most beautiful 

and fruitful valleys in the stale and is much frequented by sportsmen 

and pleasure seekers as a fishing, bathing, and boating resort. 



contribute the volume 
of their waters to Utah 
(Fig. 18) and Great 
Salt lakes. These lakes 
are connected by the 
Jordan River. 

The valley of the 
I 'rovo in the lower por- 
tion is renowned for 
its fertility, and that 
1 )f the Weber forms the 
natural gateway for 
railroads (Fig. 52) 
through the Wasatch 
Range. The Bear River, rising in Utah, flows 
northward through a portion of \^'yoming, 
then reenters the state in Rich County, but 
soon crosses again into Wyoming and Idaho 
before it finally returns to the state and 
makes its way to Great Salt Lake. It flows 
through Cache Valley, heretofore mentioned, 
and receives several important tributaries 
from the western spurs of the Wasatch 
Mountains. These mountain streams follow 
pathways having steep slopes and afford 
excellent water powder, w^hich is beginning to 
be utilized for the development of electricity. 
Great Salt Lake. Great Salt Lake (Figs, i 
and 17) is the largest and most interesting 
body of salt water in the United States. With 
an area of 2 , 3 7 5 square miles and a depth vary- 
ing from forty 
to seventy feet, 
it is one of the 
large lakes of 
the country. 
Its level varies 
constantly. 
Some years it 
is V e r 3' low. 
As the amount 
of water de- 
creases the 
percentage of 
salt increases, 



i6 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



then when the lake fills 
up slightly, the water 
gradually becomes less 
salty. The percentage 
of salt in the water 
varies from 1 8 per cent 
to 25 per cent, consti- 
tuting at times one- 
fourth the whole bulk. 
At all times the lake is 
too salt to sustain life 
in any species of fish. 
The density of the 
briny water is great 
enough to support the 
human body without 
effort, and makes bath- 
ing in the lake a great 
pleasure. Bathing in 
Great Salt Lake, which 
began with the arrival 
of the first band of set- 
tlers, has yearly at- 
tracted increasing 
numbers of visitors. Among the beautiful 
resorts that have been developed along its 
shore is Saltair (Fig. 17), visited each year 
by more than 200,000 people. 

Climate. 0\\'ing to its position between 
two mountain ranges which act as barriers 
to moisture-bearing winds, the climate is 
exceedingly dry and the annual rainfall (Fig. 
19) is not more than one-half as great as 
that of the more eastern Atlantic states. 




Fig. iq. The mean annual rainfall of Ulah. 



Variation, however, is 
wide. At Salt Lake 
City, within the region 
of heaviest rainfall, the 
yearly average is six- 
teen inches ; in the ex- 
treme southwest it is 
less than seven inches 
(Figs. 20 and 21); the 
average for the whole 
state being about 
twelve inches. The 
range of altitude with- 
in the state is more 
than 10,000 feet, hence 
in a region with so 
great a range of relief 
it follows naturally 
that variations in tem- 
perature are corre- 
spondingly great. The 
mean temperature for 
January ranges from 



\verage 



lb JO 



inches 



24.1° at Snowville in 
the extreme north to 27.9° at Salt Lake City, 
and to 35.8° at St. George in the extreme 
southwest. In like manner the July averages 
range from 69.5° to 75.5° and 83.1°. (Fig. 
22.) The rainfall is greater on the higher 
ranges, and in these regions snow accumu- 
lates to a great depth. Elsewhere the snow- 
fall is light. In the north the winters are 
cold and severe, while in the south they are 
extremely mild. Because of the extreme 
dryness of the air, a 
large part of the rainfall 
is immediately evapo- 
rated, hence the soil is 



Average 6.7p 




. *^ -o '^ "o o .Q ^"^ .'^l jS .> ."..^ >:j j^ trj ^■.^ 



,0 ,0' f> S> 



.00-^ o 



'O t-i ^ Gf to 



f-l > *^ -o }> 



& &. 



C- O- "> O- 



SALT LAKE CITY 



ST. GEORGE 



Fig. 20. The average anmial rainfall at Salt Lake City and St. George. 



THE (lEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



^7 



dry and in places extremely rich in salts. It 
is estimated that the amount of water evapo- 
rated from Great Salt Lake is not less than 
eighty inches annually. The climate of Utah 
is healthful and invigorating. It is highly 
favorable for agriculture, and wherever water 
is brought to the surface, either bj'^ rains or 
irrigation, crops grow luxuriantly. 

Plants and Animals. The vegetation of 
Utah is varied, as is to be expected in a 
region having such a wide range of climate. 
It ranges from the plants characteristic of hot 
countries, found in the southern valleys, to 
those of the far north, growing in the higher 
mountain areas. Because of this great varia- 
tion in climate the number of kinds of plants 
compared with the quantity is ver}^ great. 
The arid regions are sparsely covered with 
vegetation, but in places support a growth of 
sagebi"ush and other j^lants, some of which 
afford good winter forage for sheej). The hot 
region in the extreme southwest abounds in 
plants characteristic of that section. Of these 
the cacti, of which the yucca or Joshua tree • 
(Elem. Geog., Fig. i86) is perhaps the most 
interesting, are the more numerous. 

Forested areas are found in 
the higher regions, but the 
amount of merchantable tim- 
ber is not large and the state 
does not produce enough lum- 



Inches 



S 






■> 



■ t)^ 






■ 
















ft ■ j 



SALT LAKE CITY ST. GEORGE 

Fig. 21. The average monthly rainfall at Salt Lake City 
and at St. George. 



Fig. 22. Tlic mean temperature of Utah in 
January and July. 

ber to supply the home demand. Hence 
lumber is an important article of import in 
Utah. A large part of the timbered area of 
the state is now included in the United 
States forest reserves. (Fig. 23.) 

Throughout the reserves the cutting of 
timber is restricted and grazing is controlled. 
Under these conditions the growth of 
underbrush is protected, and the forest 
resources are being so used as to insure a 
timber supply for future generations. A 
reckless use of the forest resources of a 
state means not only a lack of timber for 
future needs, but the deforested regions 
would shed the rain rapidl}' and the sup- 
])\y of water for irrigation would therefore 
be decreased seriously. 

The valuable timber trees are the yellow 
and lodge -pole pine, the Douglas spruce, 
and the balsam fir. Many other trees, 
such as the juniper, piilon, and cottonwood, 



i8 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



are found in the ravines, on the tablelands, 
and along the ridges and principal streams. 
They are of use locally but are not important 
as timber trees. 

Although there are many species of wild 
animals in Utah, owing to the small rainfall 
and scanty vegetation they are not found in 
great numbers. Antelope and deer exist in a 
few localities. The bear, coyote, lynx, beaver, 
and mountain lion are seen in many sections, 
and a small herd of bison is kept on Antelope 
Island in Great Salt 
Lake. The jack rab- 
bit is so destructive 
to crops in Sanpete, 
Sevier, and several 
other counties as to be 
a great pest. Game 
birds abound in cer- 
tain sections, affording 
game for sportsmen 
and hunters. Trout 
are abundant in all the 
mountain streams and 
the black bass has 
been introduced and is 
plentiful in Utah Lake. 

History. The first 
white men to enter the 
region which is now 
Utah were Spaniards 
sent by Coronado. 
Under the leadership 
of Cardenas they 
reached the Colorado 
River in 1 540, Li 1 7 7 6 two Franciscan friars, 
Escalante and Dominguez, seeking a direct 
route to the Pacific, went from Santa Fe to 
Utah Lake. (Fig. 24.) About the year 1825 
trappers came into the country, and later a 
few immigrants passed through on their way 
to California and the Oregon country. At 
this time the Indians were the only inhabi- 
tants of the region. 

The real history of the state began in 1847, 



F,>rest Reserves 
J Indian Kescrvuiioits 
Military Reserveitions , 




Fig. 



when a little band of Mormon exiles led by 
Brigham Young entered Salt Lake Valley. 
The Mormons had suffered much because of 
their religious beliefs. Therefore, in 1845, 
when the Fremont expedition made known 
and opened the way to this remote region. 
Young, who had long desired \o remove with 
his followers to the Far West, resolved to 
migrate to the new country. Driven from 
their homes in lUinois and Missouri, the 
Mormons bravely started out on the long 
and toilsome journey 
in search of a place 
where they might build 
up new homes, and, 
unmolested, worship 
in their own way. 
Although the region 
to which they then 
migrated formed part 
of Mexico, the immi- 
grants, loyal to the 
country they had left, 
unfurled on Ensign 
Peak the vStars and 
Stripes. (Fig. 24.) 

As a result of the 
war with Mexico, in 
which the Mormons 
bravely bore a part, 
this territory, by the 
treaty of Guadalupe- 
Hidalgo in 1848, was 
ceded to the United 
States. No immediate 
provision being made by the United States 
for the government of the territory, the peo- 
ple set up a government under their church 
organization. In 1849, pending the action of 
Congress, the state of Deseret was organized, 
and admission to the Union was sought. 
Congress, however, refused to admit the 
state, but organized, September 9, 1850, the 
territory of Utah with Brigham Young as 
first governor. 



The location of forest, Indian, and military 
reservations , jgo8. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



19 



Immigrants continued to come into the 
region until in 1852 it contained about 
15,000 people. The people then began 
spreading out into the valleys north and 
south of Salt Lake City, and wherever water 
for irrigation could be easily diverted to\\-ns 
sprang up. 

Repeated attempts were made to have 
Utah admitted to the Union as a state, but 
not until July 16, 1894, was an Enabling 
Act passed. This act, signed by President 
Cleveland, called for a 
constitutional conven- 
tion, which met in 
Salt Lake City in the 
following ^larch and 
framed the ftindamen- 
tal law upon which 
Utah, January 4, 1896, 
took her place among 
the states of the Union. 

Industrial Growth. 
No sooner had the 
Mormons reached Salt 
Lake Valley than they 
began plowing the 
parched earth and 
making irrigating 
canals preparatory to 
planting a crop. From 
that time on agricul- 
tural pursuits (Fig. 29) 
ha\'e furnished em- 
ployment for the main 
body of the people. 

The rich deposits of ore in the mountains 
often tempted the early settlers to forsake 
the cultivation of the soil for the occupation 
of mining. This their far-sighted leaders 
always discouraged, rightly believing that a 
stable commonwealth could best be built up 
by spending their energies in developing the 
land. Even w4th this precaution the colo- 
nists had much privation to undergo in order 
to maintain themselves. Drouth, devastating 




insects, and Indian attacks repeatedly threat- 
ened destruction to the colony. 

These colonists, thousands of miles from 
civilization, with jjoor transportation facili- 
ties, practically had to be self-supporting, 
therefore manufacturing and otlicr industries 
were gradually developed. Good wagon 
roads, howe\-er, were built at an early day 
between Salt Lake City and all outlying set- 
tlements and were a most important factor 
in the early development of the territory. 

Silver was discovered 
in 1857, and gold in 
1864, in Bingham Can- 
yon, where the first 
mine, the Old Jordan, 
was opened in 1863, 
and a little later min- 
ing became the occu- 
pation of increasing 
numbers of the people. 
The completion of the 
Union Pacific in 1869 
gave Utah connection 
with the great markets 
of the country, and 
since that time the in- 
dustrial and commer- 
cial growth of the state 
has been not only 
steady but rapid. 

Irrigation. No other 
subject is of greater 
importance to the 
material growth and 
development of Utah than irrigation. Tlie 
rainfall being insufBcient to produce average 
crops, success in agriculture must de]iend 
largely upon irrigation, bj- means of which 
water is conveyed to the land to be cultivated 
by open ditches or canals. These canals, often 
miles in length, are constructed at great cost. 
The first settlers, the Mormons, located as 
near as possible to streams, springs, or lakes, 
and from these bj^ means of ditches led tlie 



The earliest explorations in Utah. 



20 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



water to their fields. As new settlers came 
in these ditches were gradually extended. 
Hence it is seen that in America the Mor- 
mons were the pioneers in the modern prac- 
tice of irrigation. The fact that the farmer 
must depend upon irrigation to raise his crops 
makes the water in any district of equal or 




Fig. 25. Bear River Canyon, along the Rear River irri- 
gation canal. This important canal supplies water 
to many thousand acres of land. 

greater value than the soil. Before the water 
rights were decided by the courts the irriga- 
tion systems were in the hands of the local 
authorities, and usually an impartial as well 
as an economic distribution of the water was 
made. Irrigated farms were small and uni- 
form in size, and disputes about water or the 
right to use it were rare. In some districts 
these early methods are still followed. 

In recent years reservoirs have been built 




Fii;. .,. .1 field of sugar beets. Lchi. Su'^ar beets are 

always grown on irrigated land. The headgates seen 

in the foreground are used in regulating the 

flow of water into the field. 

in different parts of the state for storing the 
surplus water, and in this way the water 
supply available for irrigation has been 
greatly increased. The national government 
is constructing, at large expense, a great 
reservoir in Utah County, and is planning 
other important extensions. These works, 
when completed, will still further increase 
the water supply of the state. In 1902 the 
Utah canals irrigated nearly 715,000 acres 
of land. The area now being irrigated 
exceeds 1,000,000 acres, and there are more 
than 7,000 miles of irrigating canals. (Fig. 25:) 
Agriculture . I n U tah agriculture has always 
been the chief occupation of the people (Fig. 
29), and, owing to the fine soils and favorable 
climate, and to the excellent opportunity for 




Fig. 26. .4 peach orchard in an irrigated district in Emery County. It lies in a valley traversed by the Green River, 
which affords an abundant water supply for irrigating wide tracts of rich agricultural lands. 



GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



21 




Fig. 28. The yield of hay per siiiiare mile, 
state report, ipoj. 

irrigation, it is a steadily growing industry. 
Only 3 per cent, however, of the area of the 
state as yet is devoted to farming. Probably 
the extremely dr>' regions where the soil con- 
tains much alkali will never he favorable for 
agriculture. In this state agriculture falls 
naturally into two general classes; that on 



J'ir ctnl 
All cccnfiatieiis 

Asricullure 

PctHesltc and 

perscttal service 

TraHsftfrtitioH 

and trade 

Manufactures ^^a^B | FiG. 29. Proportion oj persons 

,,. . I eneaeed in each class oj 

Mining i^B ' ^ y 

I occupation, census 

Professional service ^f^m I of IQOO. 

irrigated, and that on non-irrigated or ariil 
land. Arid (Fig. 31), or dry farming as it is 
often called, is a comparatively new branch of 
the industry, but one rapidly growing in favor. 
The growing of crops in the Great Ameri- 
can Desert, as Utah was long called, without 



the artificial application of water w'as scarcely 
thoiight of before i860, and dry farming can 
hardly be said to ha\'e been begun before 
1880. In the early 90's dry farming without 
irrigation was established in the northern 
counties of the state. People of the south- 
ern counties, however, did not believe that 
it could be made profitable below Salt 
Lake City. But the practice was graduallv 
extended south, and dry farming is now suc- 
cessfully carried on in nearly every part nf 
Utah. It can not be applied to all Utah 
soils, but is successful chiefly on heavj^ clay 
;md light sandy soils. Six experimental arid 
farms have been established by the state, 
and these are demonstrating what crops may 
be grown without the aid of irrigation. It is 
estimated that there are 23,000,000 acres 
of land in the state that can be profitaVily 
devoted to dry farming. In 1905 nearly 
100,000 acres of arid land were planted to 




Fig. 30. The production of wheat per sijuare mile. 
state report, 190=;. 



22 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 




Fig. 31. A view of the arid farming district at Xeplii, 
showing the method of plowing. 

wheat, yielding about 1,500,000 bushels, or 
15.3 bushels to the acre. In the future, 
probably, cereals, grasses, and similar crops 
will be raised largely on arid lands; while on 
the valuable irrigated farms such crops as 
sugar beets and fruit will be produced. 

The principal agricultural crops in Utah 
are hay, chiefly lucern or alfalfa, wheat (Figs. 
28, 30, and 32), oats, corn, barley, potatoes, 
and sugar beets (Figs. 27, 33, and 34), rye, 
fruits, and vegetables. Cotton thrives in the 
extreme southwest. 

Horticulture. Both soil and climate invite 
the cultivation of fruits, and all varieties of 
temperate fruits thrive and yield abundantly. 
In the southern section of the state, in San 
Juan, Grand, and Washington counties, semi- 
tropical fruits, 
such as the fig, 
pomegranate, 
almond, and 
grape, grow 
luxuriantly. 
The growing of 
grapes espe- 
cially is now 
well estab- 
lished, and 
raisins of su- 
perior quality 
form an impor- 
tant product. 



Previous to 1890 little attention was given 
to the growing of fruit except for family use. 
vSince that time, however, many commercial 
orchards have been established and thousands 
of trees are planted each year. Practically 
all the fruit produced in Utah is grown on 





i^llc^ife::^" 



Fig. 



32. .4 lucern field in an arid 

Profitable crops of lucern, wheat. 

grown in many sections of 



Fig. ^^. Thinning beets on a i'tah Willey farm. The 
growing of sugar beets is one of the lead- 
ing industries of the state. 

irrigated lands. (Figs. 26 and 35.) It has 
been demonstrated, however, that in some 
parts of the state certain varieties can be 
grown successfully on arid lands. Much of 
the fruit grown in Utah, which is unusual in 
size and excellent in quality, is sent to New 
York and other eastern markets, where it 
is held in high favor. In 1903 the value 
of the fruit crop was nearly $1,000,000. 
Live Stock. Stock raising has always been 

an important 
feature in Utah 
agriculture. 
The early set- 
tlers found the 
mountain 
slopes covered 
abundantly 
with excellent 
grasses, while 
the scanty veg- 
etation of the 
desert included 
grasses and 
shrubs which 



,-,- -. :•'.■ >,'■ ;• i^-'^^.xi :. ' -* '■/■ ■■ >^ ','■--,1 - ■-- ?-'•'■-; 



district in one of the central 'calleys. 
and otlier farm products are now 
the state without irrigation. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



23 



also afforded nutri- 
tious food for stock. 
The original flocks 
and herds increased 
until to-day the cat- 
tle, sheep (Figs. 36, 
37, and 38), and 
horses number many 
thousands. In 1907 
the value of live 
stock in the state was 
$26,000,000. Of this 
sum $11,000,000, or 
nearly one-half of the 
total amount, repre- 
sented the value of the 
sheep. Much atten- 
tion is given to the 
breeding of fine sheep, 
and nowhere else do 
we find finer IMerino 
and Cotswold sheep 
than we do in some 
parts of Utah. The 
wool produced by these sheep is remarkable 
for quality and weight, single fleeces some- 
times weighing from forty to sixty-fi^•e 
pounds. 

Cattle and milch cows rank next to sheep 
in importance. Dair}4ng is confined to the 
fertile valleys of the irrigated districts. 
Horses form an 
important and 
growing item 
in the live- 
stock industry', 
their value 
nearly doub- 
ling between 
1900 and 1905. 
In 1905 then 
were 973-34,1 
chickens, 35,- 
315 turkeys, 
11,866 ducks, 




Fig 



34 



The production of sugar beets per square 
state report of ipoj. 



and 5,501 geese. In 
the same year the 
21,397 stands of bees 
in the state produced 
more than 13,360,000 
pounds of honey. 
The production is 
increasing rapidly, as 
Utah honey is widely 
known for its purity 
and flavor. 

Sheep raising is by 
far the most important 
branch of the live- 
stock industry. This 
industry is largely con- 
fined to the grass re- 
gions of mountain and 
desert areas that are 
unsuited to agricul- 
ture. In summer the 
sheep are driven high 
up into the mountains, 
where they feed on 




Fig. 35. .4 fntit orchard in Davis ( 'ounty. All the irripatrd ianas arc c, 
given oi'er to the growing of fruits, sugar beets, and other luore prof- 
itable crop's, and to the exclusion of grain and alfalfa. 



the luxuriant grass made possible by winter 
snows and rains. As cold weather sets in 
they are driven to the western deserts, where 
throughout the winter they secure food from 
the scanty vegetation and water from the 
light snows. Since a large part of the area 
consists of mountain and desert lands which 

can never be 
profitable for 
agriculture, 
this branch of 
the live-stock 
industry will 
continue no 
doubt to flour- 
ish. The pres- 
ers'ation of the 
forests in the 
National Forest 
Reserve and 
the regulation 



24 



THE GEOGRArHY OF UTAH 



of the number of ani- 
mals that may graze 
on a certain area of 
land also tend to make 
the raising of sheep a 
much more permanent 
industry. This plan 
has already resulted 
in breaking up the 
vast herds common 
until lately throughout 
the state. Now we have 
smaller droves owned 
by many men instead 
of a few owners of 
countless herds. This 
leads to more home 
feeding and hence to 
impro\'ed stock. The 
cattle industry' also de- 
pends in great part on 
the summer feed found 
in the mountains. Fig. 36. The number oj si 

Large numbers of cattle and sheep are also | 
brought from the ranges in winter and fed on 
the farms. The production of wool, however, 





flock of sheep on Ihc rancs" 



raising o/ 



sheep for wool is the most important feature 
of the live-stoek industry in Utah. 

remains the chief branch of the live-stock 
industry, Utah ranking seventh among wool- 
producing states. Like the growing of fruit, 
the live-stock industry is only in its infancy. 



Minerals and Mining. 

By far the most impor- 
tant source of Utah's 
wealth is found in her 
enormous deposits of 
minerals. (Figs. 39 and 
43.) While mining is 
the most important 
industry of the state, as 
yet only a small part of 
the available resources 
has been developed. 
The rocks of the AVa- 
satch ilountains and 
those in the southern 
part of the state, cov- 
ering an area of more 
than 2,000 square 
miles, contain work- 
able deposits of ex- 
cellent coal. (Fig. 39.) 
^^^^ It is believed these de- 

•eep per square mite. iQoj. positS will, in the near 

future, furnish more coal than is needed for 
liome use. Up to the present time, however, 
not enough coal is mined to meet the increas- 
ing demands of manufacturing. Hence a 
large amount of coal is brought in from other 
states. Coal was discovered at Coal Creek 
near Cedar City in 185 1, j'et coal mining (Fig. 
40) in Utah has been largely a development 




Fig. 38, Cattle grazing in the Utah Valley. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



-3 



of the last twenty 
years. As the iron in- 
dustry becomes more 
important annually 
the amount of coal 
used for making coke 
increases. 

Tlie mining of the 
precious metals, gold 
and silver (Fig. 43), 
increases constantly, 
and to-day Utah ranks 
third in the production 
of silver and sixth in 
gold. The first mining 
camp was opened in 
1863 in the Bingham 
district. The leading 
mining regions to-day 
in the production of 
both gold and silver 
are the Bingham, Tin- 
tic, and Park City (Fig. Fig. 39. The distribution of 

65) districts. These three areas are widely 
known for their rich and productive mines. 
(Figs. 41, 42, and 45.) The ores are extremely 





The most important 
mines arc the Ontario, 
Silver King, and Daly 
West at Park City; 
Highland Boy and Old 
Jordan at Bingham; 
Bullion-Beck, Centen- 
nial, Eureka, and 
Grand Central in the 
Tintic District; the 
Homsilver at Frisco, 
and the Consolidated 
at llereur. 

Smelters for sepa- 
rating the metals from 
the ores are located at 
Bingham Junction 
(Fig. 46), Murray, Gar- 
field, Sandy, Milford, 
and Ogden. By far 
the larger part of the 
ores produced are 

the leading minerals of Utah, smelted in the state. 

High-grade iron ores, especially of mag- 
netite and hematite, are found in Utah, the 
richest deposits being in Iron County, in the 
southern part of the state. As yet little iron 
is mined except in Millard, Juab, and Utah 
counties. The immense deposits of iron (Fig. 
39), practically unworked, are, however, of 



Fig. 40. C'oal mines and coke ovens, Castlef^ale. Coal 

from this field produces coke which, as au ideal fuel 

for industrial plants, bids fair to rival the 

celebrated Connellsville product. 

rich in copper and lead and in 1906 Utah was 
the third state in the Union in the produc- 
tion of lead and fourth in the yield of copper. 




Fig. 41. Head house, (ialcna mine. Hinfham Canyon. 
Notice the aerial tramway for s.u.liiK' the ore below. 



26 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 




Fig. 42. Scene at .1 .".,"/'./" nunc m l:iiigl!aii! Canyon. 
Here may be seen the steam shovel used in this dis- 
trict for the shallow fnining of copper ore. 

great value and, with the increased develop- 
ment of the state, the manufacture of iron is 
destined to become an important industry. 



sjyears,.... 
iqot - iqos . . . . 

iSgo - 1<}00 

iSQi - iSq^ . , . . 
iSSb-iSgo.... 
iSSf-lSSj.... 



Fig. 43. Tlic value of the principal 

minerals in millions of dollars for 

periods of five years in Utah. 



Many deposits of the less common minerals 
are found in the state. (Fig. 39.) Asphalt 
is obtained from the minerals srilsonite and 




Fig. 44. .1 Portland cement factory in Weher Canyon. 

Each year the amount of cement used in Utah is more 

than doubled, and all is produced at home. 



elaterite. They are mined so extensively in 
Uinta County that Utah ranks third in the 
Union in the production of asphalt. Many 
of the streets of Salt Lake City and Ogden are 
paved with asphalt manufactured in the state. 
The harder varieties of these minerals are 
used for making varnish. Extensive beds of 
gypsum are found in Sevier Valley, in Juab, 
Sanpete, and Sevier counties. Large quanti- 
ties are mined and manufactured into plas- 
ter, which is an important product in Utah. 
There are large deposits of sulphur in Beaver 
and Millard counties, and salt occurs in the 
valley of the Sevier from Nephi to Salina. 
Salt also forms a very large portion of the 




Fig. 45. .1 sampling mine in Ringluini ( ',7j.'i'i ')/. Here 

the ore is concentrated, or separated from the rock, 

and only the richest shipped to the smelter. 

solid matter of Great Salt Lake. (Fig. 48.) 
The state is rich also in building and orna- 
mental stones as well as in cement-producing 
rocks. The cement industry is being exten- 
sively developed, and large plants for the 
manufacture of Portland cement are now in 
operation at Salt Lake City and in Weber 
Canyon. (Fig. 44.) 

Granite from the Wasatch Mountains is 
quarried for local building purposes. The 
temple at Salt Lake City is built of this 
rock. (Fig. 64.) Sandstone is, however, more 
largely quarried for use in building than any 
other rock. The chief centers of sandstone 
production lie in the southern part of the 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 




Fig. 46. A smelter at Bingham Junction, where gold, silver, lead, and cop- 
per arc separated from the ore. The smelting oj ores is one 
of the largest industries in Utah, as it is in all 
the other Plateau States. 



B 



T 



state. Oolitic limestone, a rival of granite 
as an ornamental building stone, is found in 
Sanpete County and was used in building the 
temple at Manti. 

Marble and Mexican onyx are also quarried 
to a limited extent for ornamental purposes, 
and the rich deposits o j 10 is 

of clay are just begin- ,^j .^^^^^^^^^^™ 
ning to be used in the ,^ 
manufacture of brick ,?«, 
and tile. 'SSo_ 

Manufactures. The ■•sro. 
location of Utah, between two mountain 
ranges and at a long distance from the great 
manufacturing centers of the country, makes 
transportation expensive. Naturally this 
adds greatly to the cost of manufactured 
products brought into the state. 
At the same time the state has 
an inexhaustible supply of coal, 
and the numerous falls and 
rapids in the streams afford 
abundant water power. These 
conditions, the great cost of 
imported products, and the 
abundant fuel and power at 
hand, naturally encourage home 
manufactures. In 1900 the 
value of the manufactured prod- 
ucts exceeded S2 1 ,000,000, being 



nearly three times as great as 
in 1890. By 1906 the value of 
the products rose to nearly 
$39,000,000. (Fig. 47.) In the 
last named year the industrial 
works of the state gave employ- 
ment to more than 8,000 per- 
sons, and engaged a capitid of 
more than $26,000,000. 

The immense deposits of iron 
in the southern part of the state, 
with a vast coal supply near 
at hand, make probable in the 
future great iron and steel 
works, which would give em- 
many people and thus create 



ployment to 
increased demand for agricultural products. 
At present the most important manufac- 
turing industry is the smelting and refining 
of copper, silver, and gold ores. (Fig. 46.) 

In the year 1905 copper smelting was the 
' V 30 js .f leading single industry' 
^^^^^^^^^^1 of Utah. The manu- 
. , facture of beet sugar 

(Fig. 50) is rapidly be- 
coming a great indus- 
try. In 1 908 there were 
six factories in operation. These are located 
at Ogden, Lehi, Logan, Garfield, Provo, and 
Lewiston. During the years 1906-1907 the 
combined product turned out by these fac- 
tories was 80,848,000 pounds of sugar. This 



Fio. 47. The growth of manufactur- 
ing industries shown by the value of 
products in millions of dollars. 




Fig. 48. Salt piles. Great Salt Lake. The water from the lake is Ctmdiicted 

into ponds and e-eaporated, and the salt scraped into heaps. This 

forms one of the commercial industries of the state. 



28 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 





Fig. 



Fig. 40. ]]'''olcii nulls al I'r, •;','. j-.: luhlishcJ by Bng- 

liain Young in itS/2, tiiey iccrc the prst erected west 

of Chicago, and are now the largest woolen 

mills west of the Missouri River. 

product gave Utah fourth rank among the 
beet sugar-producing states of the Union. 

Canneries, cream- 
eries, condensed 
milk factories, 
flouring mills, can- 
dy factories, lum- 
ber and planing 
mills, foundries, 
machine shops, 
tanneries, shoe 
factories, woolen 
mills (Fig. 49) , and 
knitting factories 
are among the 
industrial institu- 
tions which convert the raw materials of the 
state into the finished products. 

Transportation and Trade. Owing to its 
position Utah is entirely dependent upon 
the railroads (Figs. 51 and 52) for the move- 
ment of its imports and exports. On May 
10, 1869, the Union Pacific from the east 
and the Central Pacific from the west met at 
Promontory Point. For the first time Utah 
was in quick connection \\-itli the ports of 
the Pacific coast and the manufacturing 
regions of the Central and Eastern states. 
In 1870 a railroad was built from Ogden to 
Salt Lake City, and in 1883 the completion 
of the Denver & Rio Grande gave a second 
route to the east. ]\Iining enterprises caused 
the building of many short lines connecting 



the mining towns with the larger cities. 
The latest railroad line extended across the 
state was the Salt Lake Route from Salt Lake 
City to Los Angeles. This road gives Utah 
a new outlet to the Pacific. The line runs 
through the southern section of the state 
and has opened up to agriculture and grazing 
large areas of hitherto unoccupied lands. 

With competition the necessity for shorter 
routes was seen, and this resulted in the 
building of the famous cut-off across the 
northern end of the Great Salt Lake. This 
road, built on trestle (Fig. 51) over some 
places where the water is thirty feet deep, 

has shortened the 
route to San Fran- 
cisco forty-three 
miles and has ma- 
terially decreased 
the time of trav- 
eling from Salt 
Lake City or Ogden 
to the coast. 

Over these vari- 
ous roads the agri- 
cultural, mining, 
and some of the 
manufactured 



50. A sugar-beet crusher, Provo. In the foreground may 
be seen y.ooo tons of beet root awaiting the crusher. 
The juice will be pumped to the sugar refinery 
at Lehi, twenty-five miles away. 



products of the state, like sugar and cloth, are 
sent to the great markets of the country; 





Fig. qi. Tlie raih across Great Salt Lake. 

The lake is bridged Ly a single stretch of track 

fourteen miles long, built on piles driven 

into the sand beneath the water. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



29 



Kif 



\'ieiL' of 
til rough 1 1 



^vhilc in exchange they 
bring to Utah machinery, 
clothing, furniture, and sta- 
ple groceries. Owing to the 
great cost of transportation, 
however, the external trade 
of the state is small com- 
pared ■\^■ith that within the 
state. In 1870 there were 
only 257 miles of railroad 
lines in operation in Utah. 
Bv 1890 this mileage had 
increased to 1,265, and in 
1Q08 amounted to about 
2,000 miles. 

Government. The govern- 
ment of the state of Utah is 
divided into three separate 
and independent depart- 
ments; the executive, the legislative, and the 
judicial. 

The executive department of the state con- 
sists of a Governor, Secretary of State, State 
Auditor, State Treasurer, Attorney -general, 
and Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
each of whom holds his office for a term of 
four years, during which time he must reside 
at Salt Lake City, the seat of government. 
The Secretary of State or the President of 
the Senate succeeds to the governorship in 
case of vacancy, and serves until a new gov- 
ernor is elected at the next general election. 

The Governor is com- 1 -/ 

mander-in-chief of the 
military forces of the 
state. He has power 
to veto any measure 
passed by the Legisla- 
ture and thus prevent 
its becoming a law, 
unless it is afterwards 
ratified by a two-thirds 
vote of each house, 
when it becomes a law 
notwithstanding the 




a railroad an tis way 
eber Canyon. 




Fig. 53. The Federal Building. Salt Lake City. 



veto of the Governor. The 
Governor, the Justice of the 
Supreme Court, and the 
Attorney-general constitute 
the Board of Pardons with 
power to grant pardons 
after conviction in all cases 
except for treason and sen- 
tences under impeachment. 
The legislative or law- 
making power is composed 
of a Senate of eighteen 
members elected for four 
years, and a House of Rep- 
resentatives of forty-five 
members elected for two 
years. The state is divided 
into twelve senatorial and 
twenty-seven representa- 
tive districts. The Legislature meets bien- 
nially in regular session in the city hall (Fig. 
63) at the seat of government. Salt Lake 
City, and opens on the second Monday in 
January after the election of members of the 
House of Representatives. On extraordinary 
occasions the Governor may convene the 
Legislature in special session to transact busi- 
ness too urgent to await the regular session. 
The judicial power of the state is vested in 
the Senate sitting as a court of impeachment, 
in a Supreme Court, in district courts, in 
justices of the peace, and other inferior courts. 

The Supreme Court of 
Utah consists of three 
judges elected by 
electors of the state at 
large for a period of six 
years. It must hold 
at least three terms 
each year in the capi- 
tal city. The state is 
divided into seven 
judicial districts, the 
judges of which hold 
office for four vears. 



3° 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



The Legislature pro- 
vides a uniform system 
of county government. 
Precinct and township 
organizations, the in- 
corporation, organiza- 
tion, and classification 
of cities and towns are 
established and regu- 
lated by general laws. 
Women may vote and 
may hold office equally 
with men in this state. 




Fig. 54. View of the A 



Utah has two senators and one representa- 
tive in the National Congress. 

State Institutions. The state institutions 
are educational, charitable, and penal. The 
educational institutions are the State Univer- 
sity, situated at Salt Lake City (Fig. 55), the 
Agricultural College located at Logan (Fig. 
54), and a school for the deaf and dumb and 
the blind at Ogden. An insane asylum is 
located at Provo, and there is an industrial 
or reform school at Ogden. The State Peni- 
tentiary is situated at Salt Lake City. 

Education. The present school system 
was established in 1890. The state constitu- 
tion and the laws provide for the mainte- 
nance of a public school system including all 
the grades from the kindergarten to the uni- 
versity. In Utah all cities with a population 
of 20,000 or more are known as cities of the 
first class; all cities with more than 5,000 and 
less than 20,000 are known as cities of the 
second class. The state is divided into school 
districts, and each city of the first or second 



class constitutes a 
school district; each 
county comprises one 
or more districts. The 
State Superintendent 
(if Public Instruction 
has charge of the 
administration of the 
system of public in- 
struction and a general 
•versight of the busi- 
ness relating to the 
.ncultnral College. Logan. ^-^^^-^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ 

state. Associated with the State Superin- 
tendent in the work is the state Board of 
Education. 

Each city of the first or second class has a 
board of education which has charge of the 
public schools of the city apart from the 
county. In each of the county districts a 
board of three trustees has charge of the local 
school afifairs, and a county superintendent 
oversees the schools within the county. 
Schools of ordinary grades are maintained 
in the various districts, and kindergartens 
may be established wherever possible. High 
schools may also be established in the cities 
and counties. 

There were, in 1906, 668 common schools 
in 338 districts of the state. Of this number 
417 were graded and 251 mixed schools. 
There were thirty-four high schools. In 
these schools were employed 567 male and 
1,325 female teachers governed by 47 super- 
intendents and supervisors, and 1,000 mem- 
bers of school boards. In the same year 




Fig. 55. Tlie Slate University, Salt Lake City. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



31 



77,947 pupils were en- 
rolled in the schools; 
4,716 were promoted 
from the eighth grade, 
and 235 graduated 
from the high schools. 
The cost of the public 
schools for the year 
was $1,976,121.42, 
while the value of 
the school property 
amounted to more 
than $4,600,000. The 
public school system is 
supported by legisla- 
tive appropriations, 
state and local taxa- 
tion, and by the pro- 
ceeds from sales of 
lands granted by the 
United States govern- 
ment for the purpose. 
Four sections of land 




in each township in the state are set aside 
for school support. This amounts to about 
5,760,000 acres in Utah. 

The University of Utah (Fig. 55), situated 
at Salt Lake City, was founded as the Uni- 
versity of Deseret in 1850. It comprises a 
preparatory school (of high school grade), 
the State Normal School, the State Normal 
Kindergarten, the State School of Mines, and 
a regular department for college training. 
The site of the University and allied schools 
is on sixty acres of land presented by the 



[ j^;.r ,.v.,„,^,.j.,,,.,,,,^-_^ I national government 

iiLo>aU ; ./ i-.<.;i../..-c..>i_^'-^e^^ fj-Qj^ ^]^e Fort Douglas 

ntit tocalien of scimiLr^^-^ 

Military' rcscr\-ation in 
Salt Lake City. A 
branch normal school 
is conducted at Cedar 
City, Iron County. 

The Agricultural Col- 
lege (Fig. 54) is located 
at Logan in the beauti- 
ful Cache Valley one 
hundred miles north of 
Salt Lake City. Its 
courses comprise in- 
struction and practical 
training in agriculture, 
commerce, and domes- 
tic and mechanic sci- 
ence and arts. This 
also is one of the state's 
chief educational insti- 
tutions. It is designed 
to prepare students 
for practical Hfe by emphasizing that side of 
their education. Agricultural experiment 
stations near St. George and Lehi in connec- 
tion with the college are supported by the 
federal government. 

The state school for the deaf and dumb 
and the blind, and a state industrial or reform 
school, are also maintained in Ogden. These 
are governed, Hke the University of Utah 
and the Agricultural College, by a board 
appointed by the Governor and approved by 
the Senate. 



Fig. 56. The leading educational institutions of Utah 



THE LEADING EDUCATIOXAL IXSTITCTIOXS OF UTAH 



COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 

1 Beaver Branrh of Brigham Youn^j University, L. D. S., Beaver 

City. 

2 Brifiham Young College, L. D. S.. Logan. 
i Sacred Heart Academy, R. C, Ogden. 

4 Weber Stake Academy, L. D. S., Ogden. 

5 Brigham Young University, L. D. S., Provo. 
(> .\ll-Hallows College. R. C. Salt Lake City. 

7 Latter Day Saints University. L. D. S.. Salt Lake City, 
g Rowland Hall. P. E., Salt Lake City. 



9 St. Mary's Academy, R. C, Salt Lake City. 

10 Salt Lake Collegiate Institute, Prcsb.. Salt Lake City. 

11 University of Utah, State, Salt Lake City. 

12 Westminster College, Presb., Salt Lake City. 

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY 
i.i Agricultural College of Utah. Logan. 

PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS 
14 Branch Normal School, Cedar City, 
I ; State Normal School. Salt Lake City. 



32 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



Besides these 
schools sup- 
ported by the 
state, there is 
a number of 
private and 
church schools 
maintained in- 
dependent of 
state aid, some 

of which are Fig. 57. The Latter- Day Saints 

doing excellent work. (Fig. 56.) Among the 
important ones are the Brigham Young Uni- 
versity at Provo (the pioneer Mormon school 
in Utah, richly endowed by Brigham Young, 




JQOO 

■lSqo_ _ 

1S70-. 



^i^mmmmnob ' F""^- S^- T^'^ population in 

' I tens of thousands and dcn- 

^^°-ii sity of population per square 

f I mile at each Federal Census. 

its founder, and with a branch at Beaver), 
the Latter-Day Saints University (Fig. 57), 
Sheldon Jackson or Westminster College (a 
Presbyterian institution), All-Hallows College 
(Roman Catholic), Roland Hall (Episcopal 
school for girls), and St. Mar^^'s Academy, 
all of Salt Lake City; the Brigham Yoimg 
College, Logan; the Weber Stake Academy, 
and the Sacred Heart Academy, Ogden. 

The state makes liberal provision for the 
free education of all. Utah is among the first 
states of the Union in the amount per capita 



Per ceni 
Total native boyn_ _ 

Native to state 

Illinois 



30 4° SO 60 70 



Ji^jja 

New York 

Oiiio 

Pennsylvania 

Missfnri 

Colorado 

Idaho—. 

^11 other stales^ 



Fig. sg. The state of birth of the 

native-born population and the 

percentage of persons from 

each specified state living 

in Utah, census 

of 1900. 



spent annually 
for education. 
Text-books are 
furnished free. 
Domestic and 
industrial work 
are receiving 
increasing at- 
tention. At 
several places 

University at Salt Lake City. ^^^^^ ^^^ ^|^_ 

mestic and physical laboratories of the most 
approved kind. 

Population. Utah had, in 1900, a popula- 
tion of a little more than 275,000 people, or 
about three and four-tenths inhabitants to 
the square mile. (Fig. 58.) With this popula- 
tion it ranks forty-third among the states of 
the Union. Outside of the irrigated districts 
and the mining regions, in which are gathered 
the greater part of the people, the population 
of Utah is sparse. In fact, more than one- 





Per cent 
fw born . 


> 


10 20 


JO 40 JO bo 7° So 90 100 


Total forei 




England ^ , 
Denmark. 






J^ ; 


— 


S-.fcden. 




^^ 


^^ 




Scotland. . 




_ 


1 1 
1 ' 








^ 


1 




Wales 

Xor-a'jy 

.iU others. 





- 


1 1 
1 1 
1 1 
1 1 


Fig. 60. The proportion of 
foreign-born population of 
each leading country, 
census of igoo. 



half of the state has less than two inhabi- 
tants to the square mile. 

Immigration, chiefly from foreign coun- 
tries, is constantly increasing the popula- 
tion. In 1900 the foreign-bom population 
was 53,777, or approximately one-fifth of all 
the inhabitants of the state. (Fig. 60.) Eng- 
lish, Danes, Swedes, Scotch, and Germans are 
the most numerous of the European jseoples 
that have migrated to Utah. 

Of the native-bom population (Fig. 59) 
more than four-fiftlis were bom within the 
state. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



33 



II. <;ROU"fH AXD DEVEl.OPMEXT 
OF CrriES AXD TOWXS 

Distribution of Cities and Towns. The popu- 
latiun of Utah is not uniformly distributed over 
the state, but is chiefly grouped in a strip 
extending along the entire western base of the 
Wasatch Mountains. (Fig. 6i.) This wide 
mountainous belt is cut by numerous .valleys, 
and it followed naturalh- that exploration and 
settlement should be along these valleys. 

While about one-third of Utah's population is 
gathered into incorpo- 
rated places the number 
of its large cities is 
small, there being only 
four containing more 
than S,ooo people. The 
number of small towns 
is unusually large. This 
is due to the plan the 
first settlers, who were 
all farmers, followed of 
grouping their homes 
around a common cen- 
ter, in order to have the 
advantages of town life. 

Salt Lake City and 
Neighboring Cities and 
Towns. 5c7// Lake City 
(Fig. 62), the capital of 
Utah and county seat 
of Salt Lake County, the 
chief city of the valley 
and of the state, is the 
most important city be- 
tween Denver and the 
Pacific Coast. It is 
located on the Jordan 
River and is about twelve miles from the shore 
of Great Salt Lake. A few miles to the east of 
the city the abrupt face of the Wasatch Moun- 
tains rises more than a thousand feet above the 
valley, and a little farther to the west rises the 
Oquirrh Range, famous for its mineral wealth. 

The city is the distributing center for a vast 
area important for mining and also for stock 
raising and farming, and its interests are chiefly 
commercial. As the headquarters for several 



LRB.V.N POri'LATlON 

^ TOO ti> 1,000 
2 loooli'isjst 



\ r^^l ". — --J-j Vx^ Tht ana ani tl.c niativ, 

^ > -^^ \ / V ii!i at Salt Lak, CilJ/ 

* W'^^^>'^a* / ' TV Til rolntive siic of Incorporatcil 




Fig 



The distribution of 
census of 



large mining and smelting companies and min- 
eral mills, it receives material gain from the 
rich mineral deposits of the near-by states of 
Nevada, Idaho, and Colorado in addition to 
those of Utah. The industrial establishments 
include car shops, breweries, candy factories, 
a cocoa factory, shoe factories, foundries and 
machine shops, lime and cement works, saddlery 
and harness factories, a picture factory, tobacco, 
cigar, and cigarette shops, and lumber mills. 

The city has an area of more than fifty square 
miles. It was planned on a grand scale, most 

of the blocks containing 
ten acres each. The 
streets are wide, regular, 
and very generally lined 
with shade trees, while 
a network of irrigation 
ditches covers the whole 
city. Most of the wards 
have a public square of 
nearly ten acres. Lib- 
erty Park (Fig. 62) con- 
tains one hundred ten 
acres. Salt Lake City 
has fine water and sewer 
systems, as well as 
an excellent street-car 
service. 

There are ten banks, 
a clearing house, two 
stock exchanges, and 
several loan incorpora- 
tions. The purchase of 
bullion amounts to more 
than $15,000,000 annu- 
ally. There are also 
many flourishing mer- 
cantile establishments, 



urban population in Utah, 
igoo. 



the largest of which sells goods amounting in 
value to more than $4,500,000 annually. The 
city contains a number of handsome buildings; 
the most imposing being those erected by the 
Mormon Church. The great Temple (Fig. 64), 
built of fine white granite quarried in a moun- 
tain canyon a few miles south of the city, is 
ninety-nine feet wide and about one hundred 
sixty-six feet long. The main building is a little 
more than one hundred seven feet high with six 



34 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 




Fig. 62. .4 map of Salt Lake City. 



towers, each rising more than fifty feet higher. 
The Tabernacle (Fig. 64), standing close by, is. 
one story, its walls enclosing one room only, one 
hundred fifty feet wide by two hundred fifty feet 
long, and covered with a great arched roof. It 
will seat eight thousand people, and- often twelve 
thousand people have been accommodated. It 
is especially noted for having one of the greatest 
and finest pipe organs in the world. The City 
and County building (Fig. 63) is occupied as the 
state capitol at the present time. Among other 
important buildings are the Catholic Cathedral, 
a magnificent structure now nearing completion, 
and the First Presbyterian Church, both on 
the same street as the Temple; the Salt Lake 
Theater, built in 1S5S; the Exposition building; 
the new Federal building (Fig. 53); the Latter- 
Day Saints', Holy Cross, and St. Mark's hospi- 



tals; and the Universit}' of Utah (Fig. 55). The 
cit}^ has two important libraries; one the public 
library, containing nearly fifteen thousand vol- 
umes, and the other the state law library with 
ten thousand volumes. 

The city is well supplied with transportation 
facilities, half a dozen railroads either passing 
through the city or having their terminus there. 

The government of the city consists of the. 
mayor, a council of fifteen members, a treasurer, 
a recorder, an auditor, and two judges, elected 
for terms of two years. The appointive officers 
are: chief of police, fire chief, board of public 
works, water master, health officer, and build- 
ing inspector. 

Salt Lake City was founded July 24, 1847, 
the day the first Mormon emigrants reached the 
territory. Its increase in population has been 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



35 




Fig. 63. The City and Cmmty building. Salt Lake City. 



rapid. Thirteen years after its beginning, i86o, 
its population was 8,237; in 1870 it had a 
population of 12,854; in 1880, 20,768; in 1890, 
44,843; in 1900, 53,531; and in 1907, 83,122, 
estimated from the school census. 

Near by and to the south of Salt Lake City 
are Murray, Sandy, and Bingham Junction (Fig. 
46) , and twelve miles to the west Garfield, all 
busy towns with great smelters for the reduction 
of ores. Farther away-, in the mountains to the 
east and to the southwest, are some of the richest 
mining districts of the state, and here we find 
a number of growing and important towns. 
Among these is Park City (Fig. 65), in the heart 
of the Wasatch, thirty miles east of and closely 
connected by two railroads with the capital. It 
is an important and prosperous city, the center 
of vast mining industries. To the southwest of 
Park City is Alta, a silver-mining camp and near 




to large deposits of white granite, of which the 
great temple at Salt Lake City was built; and 
beyond that Bingham Canyon (Figs. 41, 42, and 
43), a bustling mining town in the wonderful 
Bingham or West Mountain district. 

In the fertile valley of the Jordan are found 
the flourishing towns of Miller, Brinton, West 
Jordan, Draper, and Riverton, trade centers for 
a rich agricultural region. 

Bey^ond the Oquirrh Mountains, directly south 
of Great Salt Lake in Tooele County, lie Tooele. 
the coimty seat of the county, and Grantsville, 
both prosperous mining and agricultural towns. 

Ogden and Other Cities and Towns of the 
Lake Shore Region. The chief city of this region 
is Ogden (Figs. 66 and 67), the county seat of 




Fig. 65. .4 general view of me Silver L.i.^ '■'■ ■jylcs at 

Park City. The city owes its prosperity largely to 

the adjacent mines, the Silver King being one of 

a number unusually rich in ore deposits. 

Weber County and the second city in size and 
importance in the state. It is beautifully situ- 
ated on the Weber River at the base of Ogden 
Peak, thirty-seven miles north of Salt Lake City. 
Ogden 's splendid transportation facilities have 
made it a great shipping and distributing point. 
Its manufacturing interests are also important 
and include smelting works, woolen and knit- 
ting mills, flouring mills, a sugar factory, brick 
and tile works, canning works, and many other 
industries. Ogden Canyon, opening at the city 
limits, is noted for its picturesque scenery and 
for its waterfall. This waterfall supplies one of 
the greatest power dams in the state, and fur- 
nishes light, heat, and power for Ogden and Salt 
Lake City, as well as for intermediate towns. 
The State Industrial School, the State Institu- 



36 



THE OEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



tion for the Deaf, Dumb, 
and Blind, the Sacred 
Heart Academy, and the 
Weber Stake Academy 
are all located here. In 
the vicinity are many 
fine health and summer 
resorts. Among these 
are the famous Utah 
Hot Springs ; the waters 
being said to equal those 
of Arkansas or Carlsbad. 
Iron, coal, lime, and salt 
are obtained close by. 

To the north of Ogden 
the principal towns are 
North Ogdcn, Plain City, 
Willard (Fig. 68), Brig- 
ham, and Corinne; to 
the south Hooper, Lay- 
ton, Kaysvillc, Farm- 
iugton, Ccntcrvillc, 
Bountiful, and Woods 
Cross. These towns are 
trade centers for rich 
farming, fruit-growing, 
and dairying districts, and nearly all are located 
on main lines of railroad. Brigham, the most 
important of the grofip, is a busy place, having 
rolling and woolen mills and a cannery among 
its industrial plants. Layton is noted for its 
honey, and stock-raising and milling are among 
its industries. Kaysvillc has canning and other 
industries. 
Farmington has 
a large cannery, 
a good trade in 
h o n e 3^ , and is 
much frequent- 
ed as a summer 
resort. Woods 
Cross has a large 
canning factory. 

Cities and 
Towns of the 
Cache Valley 
Region. Logan. 
the chief, city of 
this fertile sec- 



r^lutc liidnstrinl 



\J THE CITY OF 

OGDEN 

SL.\Lt 





tion, is the county seat 
of Cache County, and the 
third city in size in the 
Btate. It lies on the east 
side of Cache Valley, on 
the Logan River, and is 
an important trade and 
manufacturing center. 
Here we find sawmills, 
a beet-sugar factor3^ a 
brewery, knitting mills, 
canneries, a milk con- 
densary, and other in- 
dustrial plants. The 
city owns and operates 
the waterworks, and is 
lighted by electricity, 
the power for the plant 
being supplied by the 
Logan River. The sur- 
plus power of the electri- 
cal plant is transmitted 
to the mines in the 
Tintic district, 150 miles 
distant. The State 
Agricultural College, 
Brigham Young College, the New Jersey Acade- 
m}', and a Mormon temple are located here. 

North of Logan are Smithficld, Richmond, and 
Lcwiston, and to the northwest Clarkston, trade 
centers in a productive farming and dairying 
country. There is a large beet-sugar factory at 
Lewiston, and a milk condensary at Richmond. 

To the south 
of Logan are 
Providence, with 
an excellent 
trade in small 
fruits, honey, 
and sugar beets; 
a A d H y r 11 m , 
a prosperous 
little city, hav- 
ing besides its 
fruit and farm- 
ing interests, 
woolen mills 
and other in- 
dustrial plants. 



.4 map of the city of Orden. 



W'ashiii'jtou .-Ivcime, Ocdeii. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



37 




Valley, are Heber and Midway, the most impor- 
tant places in a farming and stock-raising region. 
Near Heber are the noted "Hot Pots." To the 
northwest of Provo, and not far from the city, 
are the flourishing towns of Pleasant Grove and 
American Fork, and a little farther away, on 
Utah Lake, the beautiful city of Lehi, all thriv- 



Fin. 6S. Scene in the Lake Shore Region near Willard. 

Wcllsvillc, southwest of Logan, and directly west 
of Hyrum, has dairy and other interests. 

Provo and the Neighboring Cities and Towns. 

Provo (Fig. 70), the county seat of Utah County, 
picturesquely situated on the Provo River be- 
tween Utah Lake and the Wasatch Mountains, 
ranks fourth among the cities of the state in 
population. It is surrounded by a rich agri- 
cultural region and, has excellent transportation 
facilities; fruit is shipped from this point all 
over the country. A large electrical plant at 
the entrance to Provo Canyon supplies the city 
with light and power. Manufacturing (Fig. 49), 
merchandising, mining, fruit and stock raising, 
gardening, and dairying are among the occupa- 
tions of the people. Provo is noted for its excel- 
lent educational advantages and has many fine 
homes. Here are locat- 
ed the Brigham Young 
University, the largest 
school in Utah, and 
Proctor Academy. In 
the neighboring moun- 
tains are several health 
and pleasure resorts. A 
few miles northeast of 
the city, in the pictur- 
esque Provo Canyon, are 
the .beautiful "Bridal 
Veil Falls." (Fig. 12.) 
About twenty-five miles 
to the northeast of ''"^'• 
Provo, in the Provo 




Fig. 70, ,4 street scene in Provo. This is one of the 
most delightjni oj I'tah's cities. 

ing trade centers for honey, fruits, and farm 
products. Lehi is also a supply point for the 
great mining regions beyond, and is noted az 
having the largest beet sugar factory in the 
country. (Fig. 71.) Not far to the southwest 
of Lehi, in the Oquirrh Mountains, is Mcrcnr, a 
mining town in the rich Camp Floyd district. 

To the south of, and near Provo, we find the 
flourishing cities of Springvillc and Spanish Fork, 
both with thriving man- 
ufacturing industries; 
and still farther on, to 
the southwest, the 
growing railroad towns 
of Payson, Santaqnin, 
Goshen, and Mount 
Ncbo, market centers for 
excellent farming and 
stock-raising districts. 
A few miles southwest 
of Mount Nebo we come 
to the town of Eureka 
(Fig. 72),thebusy indus- 

69. Looking down into Logan from one of the upper t]-{al center of the creat 
benches, and showing how the desert may be *" 

transformed by irrigation. Tintic mining region. 




38 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



Other Cities 
and Towns of 
Utah. South of 
the Utah Valley 
the country is 
far less densely 
populated, and 
there we find 
few important 
cities and towns. 
Chief among the 
towns of this 
section, in a fine 
farming region , 
are Ncplii, in 
Juab County, 
and Fairvicw, Mt. Pleasant, Spring City, Moroni, 
Ephraim, and Manti, in Sanpete County. At 
Manti we find the second largest Mormon temple 
in the state, built of the white sandstone found 
in the vicinity. The town has manufactories 
and two railroads; good coal is mined near by. 

Southwestward from Manti. Richfield, in a min- 




FiG. 71. Beet-sugar factory at Letii. Tliis was tlic first snuar factory 
cstablislicd in Utali. 




Fig. 



.4 view of Eiircl;a. one of tlie principal toivns in 
llic great Tintic mining district. 



ing and farming district, is the most important 
town in Sevier County, and the supply point for 
the Gold Mountain mining district. Monroe, a 
prosperous town in the same county, has fine 
mineral springs. Marysvale, to the southwest of 
that place, in Piute County, is the outlet for the 
Marysvale mining district; Pangiiitch, still far- 
ther south, in Garfield County, is the market 
and supply center for a farming and stock-rais- 
ing region, as are also Escalante on the Escalante 



River in the 
central part of 
the same coun- 
ty, and Kanab, 
in Kane County. 
St. George, in 
the extreme 
southwestern 
corner of the 
state, the coun- 
ty seat of Wash- 
ington County, 
is the chief town 
of that section. 
Northeast of 
that place are 
Cedar City, the seat of the Branch State Normal 
School, and Paroivan, large towns in Iron Coun- 
ty; while Beaver City, farther to the north in 
Beaver County, is an important little city with 
an academy. Beyond Beaver City lies Fillmore 
City, the county seat of Millard County, once 
the capital of the state and now the trade cen- 
ter of a thriving farming country. 

In the eastern part of the state important 
settlements are few in number. Here we find 
Coalville, in a farming, stock-raising, and coal- 
mining district in Summit County; Vernal, a 
trade and market center in Uinta County; Price 
and Castlegate, with large mining industries (Figs. 
40 and 73), in Carbon County; Moab in Grand, 
and Perron and Hnntim'ton in Emerv counties. 




Fig. 73. Castlegate. tlie majestic gateway to Price River 

Canyon. Tlie town near by derives its name from 

tlie gigantic pillars that guard this entrance. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



39 



///. STATIST fCS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS. 



Statistics of the State of Utah by Counties, from the Federal Census of 1900 and State Estimates for 1908. 



Beaver 

Boxelder 

Cache 

Carbon 

Davis 

Emery 

Garfield 

Grand 

Iron 

Juab 

Kane 

Millard 

Morgan 

Piute 

Rich 

Salt Lake 

San Juan 

Sanpete 

Sevier 

Summit 

Tooele 

Uinta 

Utah 

Wasatch 

Washington 

Wayne 

Weber 

Uinta Valley and 

Uncomphagre Ind. Res. 



ORGANI- 
ZATION 



1 866 
1866 
1866 
l804 
1866 
1S80 
1882 
iSqo 
1866 
1866 
1866 
1866 
1866 
1866 
1866 
1S66 
1880 
1 856 
1866 
1 855 

1 855 
1880 
1866 
1866 
1866 
i8q3 

1 856 



2,s8o 
5,436 
i,t8i 
l,S05 

28s 
4.336 
5.103 
3.759 
3.284 
3.300 
4.368 
6.664 

509 

744 
1,050 

768 
8.025 
I.S6l 
1.880 
".937 
6.901 
5.190 
2.123 
4.147 
2.457 
2.372 

544 



POPULATION 



I90S 



4.3SO 

1 1. 000 

21.500 

6.200 

7.200 

5.100 

4.150 

I. ISO 

3.645 

.11.285 

1.900 

S.678 

2.000 

2.000 

1.025 

140.000 

1.023 

17.SOO 

9.200 

10.600 

7.361 

7.500 

37.000 

5. 00 1 

S.070 

2.000 

43.000 



1000 



3.S13 

10.009 

18.139 
5.004 
7.006 
4.657 
3.400 
1. 149 
3. 546 

10,082 
i,8n 
S.578 
2.045 
1. 954 
1.946 

77.725 
1.023 

16.313 
8.451 
9.439 
7.361 
6.458 

32.456 
4.736 
4.612 
1.907 

25.239 



PARM PROPERTY 
INCLUDING 
LIVE STOCK 



5 917.55s 

4,429.1 15 

6.347.905 

450.261 

4.81S.S10 

1,272,268 

919,604 

715.650 

61 1,606 

1.591,969 

706.767 

2.534.144 

914.556 

550.275 

2.302.363 

II. 1 1 1,684 

518,716 

6,624,738 

2,607,218 

2,592,580 

2,149,962 

2,044,355 

8,888,009 

1,625.106 

1.088,900 

541.479 

5.231,094 

963,230 



FARM 
PRODUCTS 



S 165,124 
710,894 

1,083,149 
94.488 
905,646 
228,309 
203,829 
134,016 
167,136 
315,116 
152,436 
423,922 
166,71 1 
118,998 
468,521 

1,768,431 
136,143 

1,090,253 
482,747 
447,519 
424,388 
381,300 

1,725,139 
275,147 
233,142 
122,1 72 

1,070,920 

47.063 



MANU- 
FACTURES 



> 70.741 

192.432 

676.370 

199.128 

251.217 

61.171 

56.214 

4.398 

31.610 

216.701 

16.551 

57.161 

33.110 

35.314 
14,212.689 



COUNTY SEAT 



POPULATION 



1908 



337.058 

168.575 

129.467 

I 1 1,910 

101,61 1 

1,654,817 

63.775 

39.148 

17.435 

2,421.679 



Beaver City 

Brigham 

Logan 

Price 

Farmington 

Castle Dale 

Panguitch 

Moab 

Parowan 

Nephi 

Kanab 

Fillmore City 

Morgan 

Junction 

Randolph 

Salt Lake City... 

Monticcllo 

Manti 

Richfield 

Coalville 

Tooele 

Vernal 

Provo 

Heber 

St. George 

Loa 

Ogden 



83 



36, 



,soo 
,300 
.250 
,100 
,200 
800 
,200 

SCO 

,200 
,000 

750 

.000 
500 
250 

800 
100 

175 

,000 
,500 
,200 
,200 
,200 
,500 
,000 
,700 
550 

,000 



1900 



1,701 

2.859 

5.4SI 
530 
968 
559 
883 
276 

1.039 

2, 208 
710 

1.037 
600 
249 
821 

53.531 

180 
2,408 
1.060 

808 
1,200 

664 
6.18s 
1.534 
1,600 

443 
16.313 



Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Utah 

at each Federal Census from i860 to 1900, 

and State Estimates for 1908. 



Population of the Leading Cities and Towns — Continued. 



CITIES AND TOWNS 



Salt Lake City.... 

Ogden 

Logan 

Provo 

Springville 

Eureka 

Spanish Fork 

Park City 

Brigham 

Payson 

Mt. Pleasant 

American Fork... 

Lehi 

Manti 

Nephi 

Murray 

Pleasant Grove... 

Ephraim 

Richfield 

Beaver City 

Bountiful 

Hyrum 

Heber 

Bingham Canyon 

Garfield 

St. George 

Cedar City 

Kaysville 

Smithfield 

Spring City 

Miller 

West Jordan .... 

Moroni 

Hooper 

Lewiston 

North Ogden .... 

Fairv'iew 

Coalville 

Tooele 

Parowan 

Farmington 

Panguitch 

Providence 



1008 



83,100 
36.000 
9.200 
7.S00 
3.800 
3.500 
3.300 
3.200 
3,200 
3,200 
3,200 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,900 
2,500 
2,500 
2.500 
2.500 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
1,700 
1,700 
1,650 
1,600 
1,500 
1,500 
1,500 
1,300 
1,300 
1,300 
1,300 
1.300 
1 ,200 
1.200 
1.200 

1,200 
1,200 
I ,200 



53.531 
16.313 
5.451 
5.185 
3.422 
3.085 
2.735 
3.759 
2.850 
2.636 
2.372 
2.732 
2.710 
2.408 
2.208 



iSoo 



2.460 
2.086 
1.969 
1.701 
1.442 
1.652 
1.534 



1.500 

1.425 
1.708 
1.494 
1. 135 



1.119 

1.252 

1.200 

1.039 

968 

883 

877 



44.843 
14.8S9 
4.565 
5.150 
2.S49 
1.733 
2.214 
2 850 
2.130 
2.135 
2.254 



1.950 
2.034 



1.926 

1.S3 



1.538 



967 

548 
r.080 
1.044 



0S8 



844 



i8So 



20.768 
6.069 
3.395 
3.432 

2.312 
I 22 
2.304 
1.542 
1.877 
I.78S 
2.004 
1.299 
1.490 
1.748 

1.797 



1.775 
1.698 
1.197 
1.732 
1.676 
1.234 
1,291 



1.332 
691 

1,187 

1.177 

989 



838 



863 



918 

957 

1.073 



1870 



12.854 
3.127 
1. 757 
2.3S4 
1. 661 



1.450 



1.315 
1.436 
1.346 



1.239 
1.286 



030 

1. 167 



1.207 

1. 517 

708 

658 



744 
623 



633 



86 
975 



8.207 
1.463 



769 



97 5 
830 
746 



913 

672 



CITIES AND TOWNS 


1908 


1900 1 


1890 


18S0 


1870 


i860 


Vernal 




664 
539 

1.058 

1.057 

1.037 

1.030 

90S 

847 

889 










Price 


209 
"880 










1,007 






Monroe 




Fillmore City . . 


987 

99 

1. 193 


90s 

S8s 




Sandy 




Wellsville 








Santaquin 



















Population of Utah at Each Federal Census from 
1850 to 1900. 



YEARS 


RANK 

OF 
STATE 


TOTAL 
POPULATION 


INCREASE 
IN TEN 
YEARS 


PER CENT 

OF 
INXREASE 


DENSITY 

PER 
SQ. MILE 


1850 

1S60 

1870 

1S80 

1800 

1000 


35 

37 
30 
30 

40 

43 


11.380 

40.273 

86.786 

143.063 

207.905 

276.740 


28.8^3 
46.S13 
57.177 
63.042 
67.047 


253 -9 

IIS. 5 

6S-9 

44.4 

32.2 


0. I 
0.2 

\:l 
2.6 
3.4 



State or Country of Birth of Population of Utah, 1900. 



STATE NUMB 

Native to state 181 



Illinois. 

Iowa 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Missouri 

Colorado 

Idaho 

Nebraska 

Indiana 

Wyoming 

California 

All other states 

territories 

Total native bom 



and 



ER 

,886 
,870 
J .03 5 
i.032 
f.525 
f.SiQ 
[.298 
M3I 
:.8o5 

;.4,w 
.340 
,340 
.151 

;.7o8 

».972 



COUXTRV 

EnRland. . . 
Denmark. . 
Sweden 

Scotland . 



Xl'MBER 

rs.87<> 
0.132 
7.025 
.1.143 



Germany 2.360 

Wales 2. 141 

Norway 2.128 

Ireland 1.516 

Switzerland.. . . 1.469 

Canada 1.331 

Italy 1,062 

Finland 734 

China 544 

Other countries. ^.3J.% 

Total foreign born 53.777 



40 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



Total Production of Principal Minerals from January, 
1880, to December 31, 1905. 



YEARS 


GOLD 


SILVER 


LEAD 


COPPER 


AGGREGATE 


1S80 


S i6s.77.i 


S 4,029,501 


$ 786,06s 


S 


$ 4.981,339 


1881 


144.317 


5.503.762 


1,101,050 




6,749,129 


1S82 


186,836 


6,114,874 


1,771.786 


75.735 


8,149.231 


l88i 


144.503 


4,984.939 


1.747.326 




6.876,768 


1884 


114.305 


6,123.047 


1.149.852 


6,337 


7.393.541 


18S5 


184.02s 


6,211.596 


1,222,172 




7.617.793 


1S86 


218.626 


5,860,837 


1,414,898 


144.453 


7,638.814 


18S7 


233.369 


5,976,884 


1,308.538 


124,566 


7.645.357 


1888 


387.023 


s. 787, 527 


1,203,313 


288,681 


7,566.544 


iSSo 


S16.233 


6,656,249 


1,468,246 


206,079 


8,846,807 


1890 


699.700 


8.492.209 


2,098,766 


76.536 


11,367,211 


1891 


747.427 


8.739,206 


2,657.405 


100,983 


I 2.265,1 1 1 


i8q2 


789.221 


7.792,388 


2,503.720 


91.130 


11.178,459 


189J 


t, 117.668 


5.233.965 


1. 542. 135 


69,060 


7.962,82s 


1804 


1,166,346 


4,103.674 


895,124 


33.308 


6,308,452 


1895 


1,352,190 


5.366,032 


1,486,427 


131.532 


8.356,181 


1896 


1,940,830 


5,843.868 


1,358,456 


267,139 


9.410.293 


1897 


1,663,252 


4.522.058 


1.818,607 


313.677 


8.317.594 


189S 


2,168,283 


4.403.854 


2.348.998 


426,691 


9. 347.826 


1899 


3,581,408 


4.612,351 


2,701.860 


1,246.000 


12.141.628 


1900 


4,263,414 


6,248,610 


3:122,863 


2,314,597 


16,149,484 


1901 


3.945.303 


6,801,816 


3,210,967 


3.750.247 


17.708.333 


T902 


4,007,189 


7.915.338 


5. 314.098 


3.134.520 


20,391.145 


190.? 


4.904,660 


10,480,681 


4.708,929 


4.459.152 


24.S53.422 


1904 


5.688,714 


7.494.715 


5,169,291 


6.379.132 


24,731.862 


1905 


3.140,787 


6,648,200 


4.897 532 


9,329,600 


26,025,1 19 



Coal Mined in Principal Coal-bearing Counties, State 
Bureau of Statistics. 



COUNTY 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 




1.526,387 

49,841 

7.901 

1.700 

5 3 .000 


1,596.927 
64,411 
10,450 
13.290 
10,300 
1,000 
64,750 


1,416,623 

61,320 

7,733 

1,290 

3.320 


1.444.565 

74,900 

4,202 

3,500 










Iron 

Other small mines 


6?. 550 



Value of Live Stock in Utah, Federal Census of 1900 
and State Bureau of Statistics, 1907 ( Estimated 1. 



LIVE STOCK 



All domestic animals 

Sheep 

Cattle 

Horses and mules , 

Hogs 

Poultry 

Bees 



36 
5 



45 
27 



t 1907 

(estimated) 



$21,175,867 

10.256,48s 

7,152.844 

3.455.163 

293.115 

262.503 

in, 45 2 



$29,344,376 

7,800.000 

9,322.176 

6.447,320 

524,880 

600,000 

350,000 



Value of Agricultural Products of Utah, Federal Census 
of 1900 and State Bureau of Statistics, 1907. 



All crops 

All cereals 

AH vegetables 

All fruits 

Hav and forage 

Wheat 

Oats 

Corn 

Barley 

Potatoes ; 

Sugar beets 

Clover seed 

Nursery and orchard products 

Small fruits and grapes 

Wool 

Dairy products 

Eggs 

Honey and wax 

Sorghum 

Vegetables (Misc.) 



44 

39 

42 
34 
34 
28 
35 



34 
3 



41 
45 
26 
24 
42 



88,229,660 

2,386,789 

1.250,713 

308,323 

3,862,820 

1.575,064 

553,847 

121.872 

121,826 

487,816 

363,782 

127,901 

3S5.873 

143.225 

2.599.638 

1,522,932 

424,628 

94.364 

12,903 

362. 7S2 



1907 
(estimated) 



$17,193,872 



8.603,252 

3,557.943 

1,657,052 

231 ,660 

313.632 

987,210 

2,160,000 

941.500 

184,000 

4,300,000 



350,000 
470.067 



Some Farm Statistics of Utah, State 


Census, 


1905. 


COUNTY 


NUMBER 
FARMS 


TOTAL 
ACREAGE 


AVERAGE 
SIZE 

(acres) 


under 

FENCE 


UNDER 
CULTI- 
VATION 


Beaver 

Boxelder 

Cache 

Carbon 


374 

1,222 

1. 741 

240 

897 

568 

415 

120 

•382 

•■'.512 

161 
478 
287 
213 

30S 

4.739 
773 

1.482 
772 
722 
497 
40s 

2.628 
560 
344 
212 

1.408 


24,283 

164,893 

249,655 

25.522 

72,734 

52,580 

37.382 

16,744 

17.148 

38,417 

I4.S52 

53.783 

24.113 

25,167 

128,728 

149,635 

6,96s 

128,688 

55.008 

65.583 

61,479 

38,015 

151,160 

22,783 

9,288 

16,040 

03.280 


64.9 

I 34 ■ 9 

143 3 

106.3 

81 .0 

92.7 

90. 1 

139-5 

44 9 

75. 

89.8 

112. 5 

84-0 

108 ,9 

417 

31 -5 
92.8 
86.8 
71 3 
90.8 
123 7 
93 8 
57.5 
40 .0 
27,0 
73.7 
67.6 


21,013 

13S.240 

266,977 

10.993 

66,128 

31.660 

26,413 

8.614 

13,020 

30,134 

13,817 

50,113 

19,312 

21,126 

79.888 

11S.996 

S.O09 

93.180 

45.536 

34.513 

52.190 

34.971 

133.215 

20,184 

8,208 

10,788 

78,856 


1 1 .030 

61,073 

105,056 

6,554 

35.357 

1S.580 

9.592 

3.579 

8.243 

13.371 

5,090 

19.333 

7.739 


Emerv 

Garfield 

Grand 




Kane 


Millard . .' 

Morgan 

Piute 


Rich. :.. 

Salt Lake. ...... 

San Juan 

Sanpete 


11.148 

57.13S 

2.584 

50,81 ; 

29.S16 

31.935 

16.270 

14.96s 

So. 206 

14.825 

6.058 

6.906 

42.413 


Summit . ; 

Tooele 

Uinta 

Utah 

Wasatch 

Washington. . . . 

Wavne 

Weber 



Forest Reserves. 

NAME LOCATION 

Aquarius Garfield and Wayne 

Bear River Cache and Rich 

Beaver Beaver, Piute and Sevier 

Dixie Washington 

Fillmore Millard, Juab, and Sevier 

Fish Lake Sevier and Wayne 

Glenwood Sevier and Piute '. . 

Grantsville Tooele 

La Sal San Juan and Grand 

Manti Utah, Carbon, Sanpete, Sevier, 

Emery 

Monticello San Juan 

Payson Juab, Utah, and Sanpete 

Raft River Boxelder 

Salt Lake Salt Lake 

Sevier Garfield, Kane, and Iron 

Uinta Wasatch, Summit, and Uinta 

Vernon Tooele 

Wasatch Salt Lake and Utah 

Total 



and 



ACRES 

639,000 
267,920 
261,593 
465,920 
399,600 
2S8.800 
17.1.896 
68,960 
128,960 

777.920 

214,270 

167,280 

117.203 

9S.440 

710,920 

2,187,550 

6.S..S00 

85,440 

7.110.472 



Elevations of the Principal Places in Utah. 



ALTITUDES 

Agassiz, Mount 12,450 

American Fork 4.563 

Bear River 4.498 

Beaver City S.97o 

Beaver, Mount 12,085 

Bingham Canyon 5.S62 

Blue Gate Plateau 6,800 to 7. .100 

Bngham 4 305 

Camp Douglas 5.024 

Cottonwood 4.550 

Deseret 4,600 

Deseret, Mount 11,047 

Emmons Peak. Uinta Mts. 13.624 

Ephraim 5-543 

Eureka 6,464 

Ft. Duchesne 4.041 

Gilbert Peak 13.687 

Goshen 4.54^ 

Grass Vallev 6,200 to 7,500 

Great Salt Lake 4.218 

Green River 4.080 

Gunnison 5215 

Gunnison Plateau 7,000 to 9.S00 

Heber 5.5.';9 

Horeb. Mount 7.831 

Hot Springs Salt Lake Co. .4,219 
Indian Head, Tavaputs 

Plateau g.810 

Tuab Valley 5.000 to 6,000 

Kanab 4.925 

Lee Springs, Fremont Pass 6,883 

Lehi 4-550 

Logan 4.507 

Logan Peak 10,004 



ALTITUDES 

Manti 5.53° 

Markagunt 8,000 to 1 1 ,000 

Marysvale .' 5.839 

Marysvale Peak 10.359 

Moraine Valley. . .9,000 to 10,000 

Mountain Meadow 5.741 

Mount Nebo 11 ,887 

Nephi 5. 119 

Ogden 4.307 

Ogden Peak 9.592 

Panguitch 6.550 

Park City 6.970 

Parowan Valley. . .5.000 to 6,200 
Peale, Mount. La Sal Mts. . 13.089 
Pleasant Valley.. .,7.500 to 8,200 

Provo 4.512 

Provo Peak, Wasatch Mts. 11,000 
Round Lake Valley. 5.500 to 6.000 

Salt Lake City 4.366 

San Pitch Valley . .5,200 to 6.200 

Sevier 5.542 

Sevier Plateau .. .9,000 to 10.000 

Silver City 6,112 

Spanish Fork 4.570 

Summit 6.574 

Tooele 4.900 

Tooele Peak 10,396 

Uinta Valley 4.700 to 6.000 

Utah Valley 4.700 to 5.200 

Wasatch Peak 11.147 

Wasatch Plateau 8,000 to 11.000 

Waas Mountain i 2.319 

Wilson Peak 13,300 

Yampa Plateau.. . .6.000 to 7,000 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



41 



Irrigation in Utah in 1902, Government Report. 



SOURCE OF 
WATER SCPPPLY 



All Sources 

Jordan River. Utah Lake, 
ami tributaries 

Sevier River and tribu- 
taries 

Bear River and tribu- 
taries 

Weber River and tribu- 
taries 

Colorado River and trib- 
utaries, exclusive of 
Green River 

Green River and tribu- 
taries 

Independent streams. . . 

Snake River tributaries 

Springs and wells 



NUMBER OP 

IRRIGATED 

FARMS 



21.684 
6,220 
3,324 
2.008 
2.690 

I.4S3 

2,308 
«5 



NUMBER OF 

ACRES 
IRRIGATED 



713.621 
174.334 
127,770 
135.572 
78,302 

37,335 

53.595 
76,800 

4,122 
25,791 



COST OP 

IRRIGATION 

SYSTEMS 



$7,303,607 

1.751.389 

790,007 

2.343.236 

782.813 

445.750 

507.324 

427.297 

21,060 

233,831 



3,891 
761 
751 
466 
4 I 6 

388 

393 

501 

28 

■87 



The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Utah and Some 

Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Census 

of igoo and Bulletin 37, 1905.* 



Salt Lake City. 
Ogden 

Lehi 

Provo 

Logan 

Brigham 

Springville 

Park City 



) 1 90s 

* I goo 

.1 1905 

I 1900 

1900 

1900 

1900 

1900 

igoo 

1900 



NUMBER NUMBER 

OP OF WAGE 

PLANTS lEARNERS 



192 
432 

64 
IS7 
16 
57 
63 
33 
■7 



2.776 

2.977 

1.083 

869 

73 

264 

181 

74 
>4 
24 



AMOUNT 

OF WAGES 

PAID 



$1,703,841 

1,601,253 

758,204 

472,100 

l03,,So4 

105,408 

62,081 

27.709 

6.860 

13.351 



PRODUCT 



S7. 543.983 

6,109.409 

2.997,057 

1,801,487 

721,981 

43 '.120 

375.0S5 

172,101 

95.482 

72.172 



* Statistics for 1905 include only factory products; for previous 

census all products. 



Some of the Leading Industries of Utah and the Value of their Products, from th'' Federal Census of 1900 and 

Census Bulletin 37, 1905.* 



Total for state 

Smelting and refining copper . 

Flouring and grist-mill products 

Cars and general shop construction and repairs by 

steam railroad companies 

Printing and publishing 



Beet sugar 

Confectionery 

Butter and cheese 

Canning and preserving fruits and vegetables. 

Slaughtering and meat packing 

Malt liquors 

Woolens and knit goods 

Foundry and machine-shop products. 

Bread and other bakery products 

Brick and tile 

Tobacco, cigars, and cigarets 

Salt 



190S 
1900 
190S 
1900 
1905 
1 900 
190s 
1900 
1905 
1900 
1905 
1900 
1905 
1000 
I90S 
1900 
1905 
1000 
1905 
1900 
1905 
1900 
1 90s 
1900 
1 90s 
1900 
1 90s 
1900 
190s 
1900 
190s 
igoo 
1905 
1900 



NUMBER 

OF 
PLANTS 



606 

I ,400 
5 

63 

80 

7 

10 

loi 

80 

4 

3 

12 

24 

49 

57 

1 8 

8 

3 

5 

6 

7 



IS 
28 
29 
39 
49 
27 
IS 
5 
5 



526,004,01 1 

I4,650,94.S 

3,584.788 



1,212,439 

1, 101,88s 

522,140 

496.149 

1,049,497 

822,874 

1,789,370 
401,1 76 
154.563 
406,480 
209,247 
927,862 
304.258 
147,664 

83,002 
897,806 
613,992 
646,267 
507.531 
450.937 
210,394 
353,018 
209,862 
438,476 
171.357 
106,388 

46.123 
612,679 
646,850 



.VUMBER 
OF W.AGE 
EARNERS 



* Statistics for 1905 include only factory products; for previous census all products 



8,052 
6,61 s 
1,416 

150 
167 
1,248 
908 
510 
548 

107 

335 

163 

08 

159 

369 

141 

31 

34 

134 

89 

455 

28s 

277 

153 

191 

107 

291 

249 

140 

68 

68 

50 



AMOUNT 

OP WAGES 

PAID 



$5,157,400 
3.388,370 
1,016,052 



COST 

OF 

MATERIAL 



$24,939,827 

12,853,954 

5,133.999 



VALUE 

OF 

PRODUCT 



$38,026,464 

21,156 1S3 

8,498,956 



91,461 
82,979 
964,391 
636,076 
355,257 
287,563 

128,800 

102,699 
57.357 
55.1*5 
63.135 
09.390 
37.56s 
20,950 
14.978 
92,557 
53.751 

137.465 
91 ,280 

198,014 
91.976 
90.133 
46,041 

172,598 
89,245 

108,533 
38,499 
43,927 
23,702 



2,043,054 


2.425-791 


1,401,819 


1,829,840- 


826,678 


1,886,651 


604,907 


1,306,591 


311.708 


1,466,549 


203,328 


770.824 




1.455.028 


561,003 


1. 037. 355 


688,032 


1.004,601 


224,307 


440.044 


789,377 


963,811 


550,096 


713,889 


506,176 


801,958 


211.279 


300,340 


513.543 


653,314 


291.477 


343,444 


176.138 


636,688 


120,99s 


432.83s 


337.242 


594.732 


146,012 


288,700 


248,203 


587.4.84 


63.749 


217,392 


280.84s 


541,65s 


142,149 


291,313 


68,270 


345,806 


32,666 


186,449 


110,722 


297,918 


49,928 


124,487 


51,362 


236,997 


31.759 


139,488 



The Principal Items of Utah's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904, and Estimates 

of Local Bureau, 1906-1907.* 





1900 


1904 


1906 


1907 


(a) REAL PROPERTY 

And Improvements 

Live Stock 

Farm Implements and Machinery 

MANUFACTURING 

Machinery, Tools, and Implements 


$229,413,837 

22,262,400 

2,922,350 

3,217,298 

5.988,23s 

66,521,000 

14,191,485 

66,139,290 


$258,595,674 

20.435.227 

3,598.244 

8,470.645 

6.331.183 

90.325.000 

17.732.895 

82,279.747 


S273.186.s92 

26.043.123 

3.936,091 

10,007,319 

6,502,657 


$280,482,052 

32,854,376 

4,105,013 

10,910,657 

6.588,394 






19.503,600 20,3.S.S.957 
90,349.97s 1 94.385.089 


(c) Personal and Other Property 




Total 


8412,656,095 


$487,768,615 











(a) Exclusive of railroad and other property, which in certain states is classed as "Real," but in the Census estimate wealth is reierrea to 
as "personal and other." 

(6) IncludiriR telegraph and telephone systems, electric light and power stations. Pullman and private cars, and canals. 

(c) Including products of agriculture, manufactures and mining; imported merchandise, clothing and personal adornments, furniture, 
carriages, and other kindred property. 

(*) It may be noted that in the estimated value of live stock in 1006 as presented by the Department of Commerce and Labor there 
is a marked falling off from 1900, a decrease not borne out by data collected by the local bureau. 



42 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS TO ACCOMPAXY THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



Size and Location. ( i ) In what part of the United 
States is Utah? By what states is it bounded? (2) 
How far is it from the Atlantic seaboard; from the 
Pacific? (3) When was Utah larger than it now is? 
Mention the states that have been given some of its 
original territory. (Use Fig. 4 to answer this question.) 
(4) What meridians and parallels forni its present boun- 
dary? What is Utah's length and breadth in miles? (5) 
How does it compare in size with Colorado, Wyoming, 
New York ; with New England ; with Great Britain ? 

Surface, (i) What is a mountain ? a plateau ? a val- 
ley? a canyon? Do you find all these natural features 
in Utah? (See Fig. 3.) (2) How do the Great AVasatch 
Mountains divide Utah? Locate and describe them. 
What lies to the east of them ? What to the west ? 

(3) How high is the plateau region? What great 
mountain system in the L^nited States has a lower aver- 
age altitude? Wlmt moimtain groups rise above the 
plateau ? (4) W^hat large river in the southeastern part 
of the state is formed by what two other rivers ? What 
■world-famous canyon is made by this river ? (5) Locate 
and describe the LTinta Mountains. (6) Where is the 
Great Basin ? Describe it. (7) What kind of moun- 
tains do you find in it? Describe a block luountain. 
Define an uplift, a fault. (8) Name some of the highest 
peaks in Utah, (g) Find out what a glacier is. (10) 
How do we know that glaciers once covered the moun- 
tains and plateaus of Utah' (Study Fig. 8.) 

Geology, Soils, Drainage, (i) Can you define erosion ? 
weathering ? detritus ? and tell how they affect the sur- 
face of a country? (2) What is the cause of so inany 
canyons and steep valleys in Utah? (Study Figs. 9, 10, 
II, 12.) (3) Were there ever any volcanoes in Utah? 
(4) Was the surface of Utah always as elevated as it 
now is ? What once occupied its entire area ? (5) How 
was coal formed during the early period of uplift ? (6) 
Have rivers had an important part in forming the sur- 
face of LTtah? (7) Describe the soils of Utah and tell 
how they were formed. (8) What is meant by drain- 
age? How is the drainage of Utah divided ? (g) How 
is the plateau section drained, and what is peculiar 
about the drainage of the Great Basin? (10) Can you 
describe some special feature of the streams in south- 
eastern L'tah ? (11) Give an accoimt of the great fresh 
water lake that once occupied a large part of the Great 
Basin. How did a part of it become the Great Ameri- 
can Desert, and why are two of the three small lakes 
remaining on its floor so salt ? What are these lakes ? 
(12) Describe the peculiarities of Great Salt Lake. 
(Study Figs. 17 and 48.) (13) Name the principal 
rivers in L'tah and tell into what they flow. (14) What 
kind of rivers affords Utah fine water power? (Study 
Fig. 12.) What is meant by water power? 

Climate. ( i ) Why is the climate of Utah dry and its 
annual rainfall small? How does Utah's rainfall com- 
pare with that of the whole country? of the Mississippi 



Valley? of the northern and southern Pacific coasts? 
(3) In what part of the state is the rainfall heaviest? 
where lightest? (See Fig. 20.) (In Fig. 19 you will 
find the record for the state.) (4) What can you say 
of the temperature of your state? What is its range? 
(Study the isotherms on Fig. 22.) (5) Tell how alti- 
tude affects both rainfall and temperature. 

Plants and Animals, (i) Why is the vegetation of 
Utah' varied, and why is it small in quantity though 
great in vaj-iety ? (2) Mention the principal plants that 
grow in the arid or desert regions. How does irrigation 
affect vegetation? (3) Where are the forested areas? 
What can you say of the lumber supply in your state ? 
How does it compare with that of Washington, Wiscon- 
sin, Maine, or the great Appalachian region? (4) What 
are forest reserves? How are they maintained? (5) 
Why is it necessary to have forest reserves ? (Consult 
Figs. 2 and 23) ; (also the table on page 40). (6) Name 
the most valuable timber trees in your state. 

History and Growth, (i) Who was the first white 
man to visit LHah? What famous explorer made it 
known to tlie world ? (2) When and by whom was Utah 
first settled ? What was their object in going there ? 
Who was their leader? (3) What was the name first 
given to Utah ? When was it admitted as a state ? (4) 
What first attracted other settlers ? When and where 
were gold and silver first discovered ? 

Irrigation, (i) Describe irrigation. When is it nec- 
essary in agriculture? (2) Why were the Mormons 
compelled to make use of it? (3) How many acres in 
Utah are now irrigated ? How many miles of irrigating 
canals are there? (Consult Figs. 25, 27, and 35 and 
table on page 40.) 

Agriculture, (i) Why is agriculture the chief occu- 
pation of the people of Utah? (2) What two methods 
of farming are pursued ? (3) What are the advantages 
of irrigation, especially in growing fruit and sugar 
beets? (See Figs. 26, 33, and 35 in illustration.) How 
does Utah rank in the last-mentioned product? (4) 
Describe dry or arid farming. (5) Mention some of the 
principal farm products of Utah. (See table on page 
40.) (6) What is an "agricultural experiment station" ? 

Stock Raising, (i) Why is stock raising an impor- 
tant feature in the agriculture of Utah? What natural 
conditions make it especially fine for sheep raising? 
(2) How does Utah rank among other states as a pro- 
ducer of wool ? Can you mention any states that raise 
more? What connection has this industry with Utah 
manufactures? (Consult Fig. 49.) (3) What farm ani- 
mals rank next to the sheep in importance ? (4) Where 
are the dairying interests chiefly located? What do 
you know about bees and honey in your state ? (In 
answering the questions concerning live stock constdt 
Fig. 36 and table on page 40.) 

Minerals and Mining, (i) Why is mining the great- 
est source of Utah's wealth? Tell something about its 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF UTAH 



43 



enormous ore deposits. (In Fig. jg you will learn in 
what partsof the state the different minerals are located.) 
(2) What are the "precious metals"? How does Utah 
rank anions; other states in their production ? (3) How 
is mining usvially carried on ? How is the metal sepa- 
rated from the ore? (In Figs. 41, 42, 44, 45, and 46 
you will find several mining processes indicated. Con- 
sult Fig. 43 for the value of the principal minerals and 
page 40 for the value of the total production for twenty 
-five years.) (4) What is the extent of the iron and 
coal deposits? What will be their chief value to the 
state? (Consult Fig. 30 and table on page 40.) (5) 
Where are gilsonite and elaterite found? For what are 
they used? (6) Name some other mineral products of 
your state. What large industry depends on clay ? (7) 
Mention some kinds of building stones found in your 
state. Of what is the temple at Salt Lake City bliilt? 

Manufactures, (i) Why did the people of Utah early 
start manufacturing industries? Have these industries 
increased rapidly ? (Fig. 47 shows you the rate of prog- 
ress made.) (2) How many persons and what per cent 
of the population are engaged in these industries ? (See 
Fig. 29.) (3) What two resources of the state make 
extensive manufacturing possible? (4) Name some 
of the chief industries of yotir state. (5) What are 
the leading manufacturing cities? (Consult tables on 
page 41 .) 

Transportation and Trade, (i) What is meant by 
transportation? How many kinds of transportation 
can you mention? Upon what kind is Utah wholly 
dependent? (2) What was the condition of Utah 
before the railroads were built? W'hat have they done 
for the state? (3) What manufactured articles are 
shipped over the railroads? Learn all you can about 
railroad construction. (Figs. 51 and 52 show two of 
its difficult feattires.) 

Government, (i) Can you tell how many kinds of 
government there are ? What kind is discussed in this 
book? (2) Into how many departments is the state 
government divided? Name them. How is Utah 



represented in the general government ? (3) Find out 
how the expenses of government are i)ro\ided for, and 
what is meant by "assessed valuation of property." 

State Institutions and Education, (i) Name the three 
classes into which the puljlic institutions in your state 
are divided. (2) Mention some features of the public 
school system. (3) Are schools of mines and agricul- 
ture of much benefit in Utah? Why? (4) Name the 
leading pri\-ate schools in your state. Also the leading 
state schools. (Consult Fig. 56.) 

Population. (i) How many people live in Utah? 
How many lived there fifty years ago? What part 
contains most of the people? Why? (See Fig. 61.) 
(2) How does Utah rank in population among the 
states of the Union? (3) What is meant by density of 
population? What is the density of Utah? How does 
it compare with Massachusetts, New Jersey, California, 
and Nevada? (4) How many of its inhabitants were 
bom in foreign countries. How many are native to 
the state? (L^se Figs. 58, 59, and 60 in answering these 
questions.) 

Cities and Towns, (i) In w-hat parts of the state do 
you find most of the cities and towns? Why? (Con- 
sult the population map, Fig. 61.) W'hy are there 
more small towns in Utah in proportion than large 
ones? Why are these towns generally market and 
trade centers? (2) Name the principal cities of Utah 
and locate them. (3) Why is Salt Lake City the 
metropolis of the state? Name some of its interesting 
features, and describe its situation. What is its impor- 
tance as a manufacturing city? (4) W'hat rank does 
Ogden hold in the state ? To what does it chiefly owe 
its importance? What of its manufactures; its schools? 
(5) Tell something about its great electrical plants. 
Mention other cities in the state that ha\-e large elec- 
trical plants. (6) Give some distinguishing feature of 
Logan, Provo, Park City, Lehi, Bingham Canyon, 
Eureka, and St. George. (7) Name and locate the 
chief mining and market towns in the state. (8) 
What city was once the capital of the state? 



SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING 



Bancroft, History of Utah. 

Dutton, Physical Geology of Grand ( \i)iyoi! District 

(Geol. SiTvey Ann. 2). 
Fremont, Memoirs of My Life, itictuding Five Journeys 

of Western Exploration. 
Gannett, Dictionary of Altitudes (Geol. Survey). 

Gazetteer of Utah (Geol. Survey, Bulletin i6ft). 
Gilbert, Geology of Henry MoiDitiiins; High PUileaiis 

of Utah. 

History of Lake Bonneville (Geol. Survc\-. .\nn. 2, 
M. i). 
Nichols, Mineral Resources of Utah (Pittsburg, 1872). 
Powell, Exploration of the Colorado River of the West 

and its Tributaries. 



Powell, The Arid Lands. 
Russell, History of Lake Lahontan. 
State Bureau of Statistics, Report, 1Q05. 
Tullidge, Flora of Utah, in Western Galaxy. 

History of Salt Lake City. 
United States Geological Survey. 

Geographical Positions in Utah (Ann. 21). 

Irrigation in Utah (Bulletin 140). 

Lumber Industry (Ann. 19). 

Mineral Resources, 1906. 
United States Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

Reports on Internal Commerce. 
Whitney, History of Utah. 

The Making of a State. 



THE INDEX 



Tiie figures inclosed in parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pa^es; heavier type is used for the more important references. 



Abajo Mountains, lo. j 

Admitted into Union, iq. 
Agricultural College, 31; (Fir. '^4^. 

Agricultural experiment stations, 

31. 

Agriculture, 20-22; occupation 

(Fig- 3q), 21. 

Aids for teachers, 39-43- 

Alfalfa or lucern, 22; field of 

(Fig. 52). 22. 
Alta, 35. 

American Fork, 37. 
Animals, 18. 
Antelope Island, 18. 
Aquarius Plateau, 11. 
Area, original, map (Fig. 4). 10. 
Arid farming, 21; view of (Fir. 

.^.i ), 22. 
Asphalt, 26. 

Basin Ranges, 10. 

Bear River, 15. 

Bear River Canyon (Fig. 25), 20. 

Beaver City, 38. 

Beet sugar industry, 27; fac- 
tories. 27. 28; crusher (Fig. 5o\ 
2S\ factory at Lehi (Fig. 7O. 38. 

Bibliography, 43. 

Bingham Canyon, 19, 35; scenes 
in (Fig. 41), 25. and (Figs. 42 
and 45), 26. 

Bingham Junction, 25, 35; smelter 
at (Fig. 4^), 27. 

Block Mountains, 10, 11. 

Bountiful, 36. 

Brigham City, 36. 

Brigham Young, 18. 

Brighton, 35. 

Brinton, i=^ 

Buckskin Mountains (Fig. 11), 13- 

Building Stone, 26, 27. 

Cache Valley, 11, ts. 36. 
Castlegate, 38 ; coal mines and 

coke ovens (Fig. 40). 25; view 

near (Fig. 73). ^^■ 
Cattle, 23: grazing (Fig. 38). 24. 
Cedar City, 24. 38. 
Cement, 26; (Fig. 44). 26. 
Centerville, 36. 
Clarkston, 36. 
Clay, 27. 
Climate, 16, 17. 
Coal, 19, 24, 25; coal mining (Fig. 

40), 25. 
Coal Creek, 24. 
Coalville, 38. 
Collateral Reading, 43. 
Colorado Canyon, 10. 
Colorado River, 10. 13. 
Copper and lead, 25. 
Copper smelting, 27. 
Corinne, 36. 
Cotton, 22. 

Dairying, 23. 

Desert, Great American, The, 14. 

i5» 21. 
Detritus, I 1. 14. 15- 
Distribution of cities and towns, 33- 
Drainage, 13-15- 
Draper, 35, 
Dry farming, 21. 
Duchesne Rtver, 13- 

Education, 30-32. 

Educational institutions, ARricul- 
tural College (Fig. 54), 30; Lat- 
ter Day Saints University (Fig. 
57), 32, State University (Fig. 
55). 30. 

Educational institutions, leading, 
31 ; map (Fig. 5<^)> 3i- 

Elaterite, 26. 

Elevations, 40. 

Emmons Peak, 11. 

Ensign Peak, iS. 

Erosion, 12; (Figs. S and 0), 12, 

(FJR. I l). 13- 

Escalante, 38. 

Escalante lUver, 13. 

Eureka, 37; view of (Fig. 72), 38. 

Evaporation, 15. 16, 17. 



Exploration, 18; map (Fig. 24). iq. 

Farm products, 22; statistics, 40. 

Farmington, 36. 

Perron, 38. 

Fillmore City, 38. 

First settlers, 18, 19. 

Forested areas, 17- 

Forest reserves, 17, 23; niap 

(Fir. 2O. iS; 40. 
Fort Douglas. 31. 
Fremont River, 13. 
Frisco, 25. 

Fruit, 22; orchard (Fig. 35), 23- 
Fruit crop, 22. 

Garfield, 25, 27, 35. 

Geology, 12. 

Glacial Lakes, 12; (Fig. 16), 14. 

Glaciers, 12. 

Gilbert Peak, 11. 

Gilsonite, 26. 

Gold and silver, 25. 

Goshen, 37- 

Government, 29, 30. 

Grand River, 1 3 ; scene on ( Fig . 

I ;), 13. 
Granite, 2I). 
Grantsville, 35. 
Grazing, 23, 24- 
Great Basin, The. 10; drainage of, 

13. 
Great Salt Lake, 15-17, 18. 26, 28; 

pleasure resort on (Fig. 17), 15; 

railroad cut-off, 28; salt piles 

(Fig. 48), 27; view of (Fig. i), 7- 
Green River, 13; scene on (Fig. 

rs), 14- 
Gypsum, 26. 

Hay, 23; map (Fig. 28), 21. 

Heber, 37. 

Henry Mountains, 10. 

Henrys Fork River, 13. 

History, 18, 19; explorations, map 

(Fig. 24). 19. 
Honey, 23. 
Hooper, 36. 
Horses, 23. 
Horticulture, 22. 
"Hot Pots," 37- 
Huntington, 38. 
Hyrum, 36. 

Immigration, 32. 

Indian Reservations, map (Fig. 

2',), iS. 

Industrial growth, 19. 
Iron, 25, 27 )FiR. 30), 25. 
Irrigated farms, 20; statistics, 41. 
Irrigating canals, 19; Bear River 

irrigation canal (Fig. 25), 20. 
Irrigation, 19, 20; field of sugar 
beets (Fig. 27), 20; fruit or- 
chard (Fig. 35). 23; irrigated 
peach orchard (Fig. 26), 20. 

Jordan River, 15. 
Joshua tree, 17. 

Kaysville, 36. 

Lake Bonneville, 14, 15. 

Lake Lucie (Fig, i5). 14. 

Lake Sevier, 15. 

La Sal Mountains, 10. 

Layton, 36. 

Lead, 25. 

Lehi, 27, 31, 37; beet sugar fac- 
tory (Fig. 71). 33. 

Lewiston, 27, 36. 

Limestone, 27. 

Little Cottonwood Canyon, 14. 

Live stock, 22-24; statistics, 40. 

Logan, 27, 36; Agricultural Col- 
lege (Fig. 54). 30; looking 
down into (Fig. 69), 37. 

Logan River, 36. 

Lumber, 17. 

Manti, 27. 38. 

Manufactures, 27, 28; (Fig. 47). 

27; statistics, 41. 
Marble, 27. 



Marysvale, 38. 

Mercur, 2 s. 37. 

Mexican onyx, 27. 

Midway, 37. 

Milford, 25. 

Miller, 35- 

Minerals and mining, 24-27 ; 
mineral map (Fig. 39), 25; 
value of (Fig. 43), 26; produc- 
tion, 40. 

Mining, 24, 25, 28; Bingham dis- 
trict, 25; (Fig. 41). 25; (Figs. 
42 and 45), 26; coal mines. 
Castlegate (Fig. 40), 25; Park 
City district, 25; Silver King 
mine (Fig. 65), 35; Tintic dis- 
trict, 2t;; Eureka (Fig. 72), 38. 

Moab, 38. 

Monroe, 38. 

Mormon immigration, 18. 

Mormons, 18, 19, 20. 

Moroni, 38. 

Mount Lovenia, 12. 

Mount Nebo, 37- 

Mt. Pleasant, 38. 

Murray, 25, 35, 

Natural bridge (Fig. ■;), 11. 
Nephi. 21.. 38. 
North Ogden, 36. 

Occupations (Fig. 29). 21. 

Ogden, 25. 26, 28, 30, 31.35, 36; 
map of (Fig. 66), 36; Washing- 
ton Avenue (Fig. 67), 36. 

Ogden Canyon, 35. 

Ogden Peak, ^,5. 

Old Jordan mine, 19. 

Oquirrh Mountains, 33, 35,37- 

Ore deposits, 19. 

Panguitch, 38. 

Paria River, i ^ 

Park City, 35; (Fig. 65), 35- 

Parowan, 38, 

Payson, 37. 

Physical map (Fig. 6), n. 

Plain City, ?0- 

Plants and Animals, 17, 18. 

Pleasant Grove, 37. 

Political map (Fig. 2). 8, 9. 

Population, 32; density of (Fig. 

sS), 32; foreign-born, 32; (Fig. 

60), 32: native-bom, 32; (Fig. 

59), 32: statistics, 39: urban 

population, distribution of, map 

(Fig. 61), 33. 
Population of Salt Lake City, 35. 
Poultry, 23. 
Price, 38. 
Price River, 13; scene Price River 

Canyon (Fig. 73). 38. 
Promontory Point, 28. 
Providence, 36. 
Provo, 14, 27, 37; scene in (Fig. 

70). ^7; woolen mills (Fig. 49). 

28. 
Provo Canyon, 37. 
Provo River, 15. 37- 
Provo Valley, i5f 37". Bridal Veil 

Falls (Fig, 12I. 13. 
Public schools, 30. 

Railroad mileage, 29. 

Railroads, 28, 29. 

Rainfall, 16; average monthly at 
Salt Lake City and St. George 
(Fig. 21), 17; mean annual map 
(Fig. 19), 16; average at Salt 
Lake City and St. George (Fig. 
20), 16. 

Relief map (Fig. ,0. lo- 

Reservoirs, 20. 

Richaeld. 38. 

Richmond, 36. 

Rivers, 12. 13. 

Riverton, 35- 

Rocky Mountains, 7. 

Sagebrush, 17- 

SaUna, 26. 

Salt, 26, 36. 

Saltair, 16; (Fig. 17), is- 

Salt Lake City, 14, 16, 19, 21, 26, 



28. 30, 31. 33-35; city and 
county building ( Fig, 63), 35: 
Federal building (Fig. 53), 29; 
Liberty Park (Fig. 62), 33: map 
of (Fig. 62), 34; rainfall at (Figs. 
20 and 21), 16. 17; State uni- 
versity (Fig. 5s), 30; Temple 
and tabernacle (Fig. 64), 35. 

Salt Lake Valley, 19. 

Salt piles. Great Salt Lake (Fig. 
48). 27. 

Sandstone, 26, 

Sandy, 25, 35. 

San Juan River, 13. 

San Rafael River, 13. 

Santaquin, 37. 

Sevier River, 15. 

Sevier Valley, 26. 

Sheep, 23; cotswold. merino, 23. 

Sheep raising, 23, 24; map (Fig. 
36), 24; sheep on range (Fig. 
37I. 24. 

Size and Location, 7. 

Smelting, 27; smelter (Fig. 46), 27. 

Smithfield, 36. 

Snake River, 13, 14. 

Snowville, lO. 

Soils, 13. 

Spanish Fork, 37- 

Spring City, 38. 

SpringviUe, 37- 

State institutions, 30, 

Statistical tables, 39-41 ; by coun- 
ties, 39. population of cities, 39; 
growth and rank, 39; state and 
country of birth, 39; production 
of minerals, 40; coal mined, 40; 
value of live stock, 40; value 
of farm products, 40; farm 
statistics, 40 ; forest reserves, 
40; elevations, 40; irrigation, 
41 ; principal manufacturing 
cities. 41 ; leading industries, 41 ; 
items of wealth, 41. 

St. George, 16, 31. 38; rainfall at 
(Figs. 20 and 21). 16, 17. 

Sugar beets, 22; map (Fig. 34), 23; 
thinning beets (Fig. 33), 22. 

Sulphur, 26. 

Surface, 7-12. 

Temperature, 16; mean, map (Fig. 

22), 17- 
Timber, 17* trees. 17. 
Timpanogos Peak (Fig. 7) ir. 
Tokewanna Peak, 12. 
Tooele, 35- 
Transportation and trade, 28, 29; 

railroad cut-off (Fig. 5 1 ), 2S; 

railroad in Weber Canyon (Fig. 

52), 29. 
Tropical fruits, 22. 

Uinta Mountains, 10, 11, 12, 15; 

glaciated area (Fig, St. 12. 
University of Utah, 31 (Fig. 55). 

Utah Hot Springs, 36- 

Utah Lake, 15; shore of (Fig. iS), 

Utah Valley, 38- 

Vegetation, 17. 
Vernal, 38- 
Virgin Rjver, 13. 

Wasatch Mountains, 7. 10, 11, 12. 

14. IS, 24, 26. v^ , 35. 37- 
Wasatch Plateau, 1 1 . 
Wealth, 41. 

Weathering of rock (Fig. 10), 12. 
Weber Canyon, 26. 
Weber River, 15, 35; view of (Fig. 

I4>, 14. ^ . 

Weber Valley, 15; railroad m 

(Fig. >2). 2Q. 

Wellsville, 36. 

West Jordan, 35. 

Wheat, 22. map (Fig. 30). 21. 

White River, 13- 

Willard, 36: (Fig. 68), 37- 

Wilson Peak, 1 1. 

Woods Cross, 36. 

Wool, 24. 



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